A spongy icing model for aircraft icing

Researches have indicated that impinging droplets can be entrapped as liquid in the ice matrix and the temperature of accreting ice surface is below the freezing point. When liquid entrapment by ice matrix happens, this kind of ice is called spongy ice. A new spongy icing model for the ice accretion problem on airfoil or aircraft has been developed to account for entrapped liquid within accreted ice and to improve the determination of the surface temperature when enter- ing clouds with supercooled droplets. Different with conventional icing model, this model identifies icing conditions in four regimes： rime, spongy without water film, spongy with water film and glaze. By using the Eulerian method based on two-phase flow theory, the impinging droplet flow was investigated numerically. The accuracy of the Eulerian method for computing the water collection efficiency was assessed, and icing shapes and surface temperature distributions predicted with this spongy icing model agree with experimental results well.     

结冰计算中翼面网格重构研究

对结冰数值计算中的网格生成进行了深入研究,针对结冰后几何边界的复杂性及边界依赖于时间步长变化对网格生成的影响展开了分析.网格生成是结冰计算的基础,文中基于求解椭圆形偏微分方程(PDEs)生成了未结冰时翼面周围的背景网格,采用Hilgenstock源项构造方法,合理控制了结冰边界周围的网格间距和正交性.模型表面结冰后,为...     

结冰条件下的飞机飞行动力学仿真

基于飞机结冰参量模型对飞机在结冰条件下的飞行动力学特性进行了仿真研究.提出一种飞机结冰参量模型的参数计算方法,并针对一定结冰气象条件下的不同结冰时间对飞机的结冰严重程度进行了评估,基于小扰动理论对飞机结冰前和不同结冰严重程度下的纵向、横侧动稳定性以及操纵响应进行了仿真计算,根据仿真计算结果分析了不同结冰严重程度对飞机造...     

霜状冰结冰数值模拟研究

提出了一种三维霜冰结冰的数值模拟方法。基于欧拉-拉格朗日法计算空气-水滴两相流流场,获得了表面水滴撞击特性以及撞击量,求解质量守恒和能量守恒方程获得网格单元内的结冰量,三维霜冰的结冰计算程序采用用户自定义（UDF）编写,FLUENT提供的动网格功能实现了结冰后的网格重构。计算了4°攻角,液态水含量为1 g/m3,水滴直径20μm,结冰时间6 min,温度分别为-19.4°和-28.3°时NACA0012翼型的结冰,并与相关文献结果进行了对比,计算结果与文献实验结果吻合较好,验证了方法的合理性和可靠性。分析了不同的粒径、液态水含量、来流速度等对撞击特性以及结冰的影响,随着粒径、来流速度的增加,水滴收集系数、撞击区和结冰厚度增大,随着液态水含量的增加,水滴收集系数和撞击区是不变的,但是结冰厚度增加。     

平尾防冰表面溢流冰生成规律试验研究

以带电加热防除冰系统的平尾后掠翼型为研究对象,在风速 90 m/s、温度 -4~-9 ℃、液态水含量（Liquid water content, LWC）0.45~1.5 g/m³以及水滴直径（Median volumetric diameter, MVD）20.1~36 μm条件下,在0.6 m结冰风洞中开展溢流冰生成规律研究,包含溢流冰起始位置、覆盖范围和类型。试验结果表明,翼型表面溢流冰形成的起始位置受加热功率及来流温度影响较为明显,加热功率或来流温度低至一定数值时溢流冰类型从溪状冰变为冰脊,随着加热功率或来流温度的增加,溢流冰起始位置向后移动。溢流冰的溢流范围受LWC及加热功率影响较为明显,LWC越大,收集水量越多,溢流的范围随之越广;加热功率的影响类似,增大加热功率融化的溢流水增多,从而溢流范围越广。溢流冰生成的类型对MVD的变化比较敏感,当MVD从20.1 μm增加为3 μm时,溢流冰即从典型的溪状冰变为冰脊。     

Irregular Satellites in the Context of Planet Formation

All four giant planets in the solar system possess irregular satellites, characterized by large, highly eccentric and/or highly inclined orbits. These bodies were likely captured from heliocentric orbit, probably in association with planet formation itself. Enabled by the use of large-format digital imagers on ground-based telescopes, new observational work has dramatically increased the known populations of irregular satellites, with 74 discoveries in the last few years. A new perspective on the irregular satellite systems is beginning to emerge.We find that the number of irregular satellites measured to a given diameter is approximately constant from planet to planet. This is surprising, given the radically different formation scenarios envisioned for the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn compared to the (much less massive and compositionally distinct) ice giants Uranus and Neptune. We discuss the new results on the irregular satellites and show how these objects might be used to discriminate amongst models of giant planet formation.     

冰晶在涡扇发动机内相变换热特性

通过对低压压气机通道内气流参数的分析，结合冰晶的运动轨迹方程及相变传热传质方程的离散处理，计算分析了冰晶在涡扇发动机内涵通道内运动过程的粒子半径、冰晶温度、冰晶速度、冰水混合粒子中液态水质量分数、以及冰晶表面与低压压气机通道内气流的传热系数和传质系数沿压气机轴向距离的分布，得到了冰晶在低压压气机内涵通道内运动的轨迹及与叶片碰撞的特性。结果显示:20μm冰晶黏附位置处液态水质量分数为10.22%，而100μm冰晶在压气机出口处液态水质量分数仅为2.1%且不会在压气机内结冰。      

Remote Observations of the Composition of Cometary Volatiles

The volatile species released in the coma are an important clue to the composition of the cometary nucleus ices. Their identification and the measurement of their abundances is possible by remote sensing. Considerable progress has been made recently using radio and infrared spectroscopy, especially with the observations of the two exceptional comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp).) 24 molecules likely to be parent molecules outgassed from the nucleus have now been identified. Significant upper limits exist for many other species, and the presence of unidentified lines suggests that further species are to be identified. In addition, isotopic varieties have been observed for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. We will review these results with a special emphasis on the reliability of the identifications and of the molecular production rate determinations. A critical point is to assess whether a given species is a genuine parent molecule outgassed from nuclear ices, or is a secondary product coming from grains or from gas-phase photochemistry. Ground-based spectral imaging, such as radio interferometry, may help resolving this problem. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fundamental parameters of low mass X-ray binaries II: X-ray persistent systems

The determination of fundamental parameters in X-ray luminous (persistent) X-ray binaries has been classically hampered by the large optical luminosity of the accretion disc. New methods, based on irradiation of the donor star and burst oscillations, provide the opportunity to derive dynamical information and mass constraints in many persistent systems for the first time. These techniques are here reviewed and the latest results presented.