Day-to-day variability of equatorial anomaly in GPS-TEC during low solar activity period

The ionospheric total electron content (TEC) in the northern hemispheric equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest region is investigated by using dual-frequency signals of the Global Positioning System (GPS) acquired from Rajkot (Geog. Lat. 22.29°N, Geog. Long. 70.74°E; Geom. Lat. 14.21°N, Geom. Long. 144.90°E), India. The day-to-day variability of EIA characteristics is examined during low solar activity period (F10.7∼83 sfu). It is found that the daily maximum TEC at EIA crest exhibits a day-to-day and strong semi-annual variability. The seasonal anomaly and equinoctial asymmetry in TEC at EIA is found non-existent and weaker, respectively. We found a moderate and positive correlation of daily magnitude of crest, Ic with daily F10.7 and EUV fluxes with a correlation coefficient of 0.43 and 0.33, respectively indicating an existence of a short-term relation between TEC at EIA and the solar radiation even during low solar activity period. The correlation of daily Ic with Dst index is also moderate (r = −0.35), whereas no correlation is found with the daily Kp index (r = 0.14) respectively. We found that the magnitude of EIA crest is moderately correlated with solar flux in all seasons except winter where it is weakly related (0.27). The magnitude of EIA crest is also found highly related with EEJ strength in spring (r = 0.69) and summer (r = 0.65) than autumn (0.5) and winter (r = 0.47), though EEJ is stronger in autumn than spring.     

Ionospheric disturbances on 8 September, 2010: Was it connected with the incoming moderate Chongqing earthquake?

Earthquake prediction stimulates the searches for a correlation between seismic activity and ionospheric anomalies. Contrary to common focuses on strong earthquakes, we report the ionospheric disturbances, 2 days before a moderate Ms = 4.7 Chongqing earthquake (29.4°N, 105.5°E, depth = 7.0 km, occurred at 21:21 LT, 10 September, 2010) with the data of ground-based ionosondes and IGS receivers. The data covering the period under the quiet geomagnetic conditions and a geomagnetic storm was analyzed with upper and lower bounds. It is found that there were significant enhancements of foF2 and total electron content (TEC) on the afternoon of 8 September, 2010, with a limited area close to the epicentre, which was different from the feature of ionospheric perturbations triggered by the geomagnetic storm on 15 September. Taking into account the heliogeomagnetical condition, we conclude that the observed ionospheric enhancements were very likely associated with the forthcoming moderate Chongqing earthquake, which implies that the relationship between the amplitudes of ionospheric disturbances and earthquakes is very complicated.     

氢动力冲压发动机冷却分析

在氢动力航空器上以低温燃料氢为冷却剂,对冲压发动机进行多级冷却,通过与以往的方案对比,确定了多级冷却加涡轮做功的方案,这种方案的优势在于不仅对发动机热部件提供了冷却,而且输出了功率。在此基础上进行数学建模,通过理论分析,推导出燃料热沉降率、燃料节省比以及输出功率三个参数与涡轮级数和总压比的关系。通过给定的状态,分析了各个参数的变化范围,由此确定出总压比和涡轮级数最优的参数选取,作为对新型氢燃料航空器冲压发动机的冷却系统设计的参考,以节省不必要的时间和技术浪费。     

浆料固相含量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷结构和性能的影响

以琼脂糖作为凝胶物质,采用凝胶注模工艺制备了多孔氮化硅陶瓷,通过改变浆料的固相含量,制备了不同性能的多孔氮化硅陶瓷.结果表明,随着浆料的固相含量从35vol％增加到45vol％,材料的气孔率从57.6％减小至40.8％,弯曲强度从96 MPa增加到178 MPa;大量的长棒状β-Si3N4晶粒从孔壁上生长出来,将气孔填充,其生长方式为溶解-沉淀-析出与气-液-固两种生长机制协同作用的结果.长棒状的氮化硅晶须和恰当的界面结合强度是多孔氮化硅陶瓷具有较高强度的主要原因.     

Assessment of the NeQuick model at mid-latitudes using GNSS TEC and ionosonde data

The modelling of the total electron content (TEC) plays an important role in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) accuracy, especially for single-frequency receivers, the most common ones constituting the mass market. For the latter and in the framework of Galileo, the NeQuick model has been chosen for correcting the ionospheric error contribution and will be integrated into a global algorithm providing the users with daily updated information.     

太阳能/氢能无人机总体设计与能源管理策略研究

针对小型低空长航时电动无人机需求,给出了太阳能/氢能混合能源动力系统集成方案和小型低空长航时无人机构型。针对典型任务剖面,综合考虑太阳能电池和氢燃料电池特性,提出了一种考虑全机重量能量耦合关系的总体设计方法和任务剖面驱动的能源管理策略;建立了能源系统模型,给出了能源控制流程,开发了能源管理仿真平台。以1.5 kg任务载荷为例,完成了无人机总体方案设计,仿真分析了各种能源特性对飞行结果的影响。结果表明:能源管理策略能够根据任务剖面的要求合理配置能源系统的功率,满足各阶段的功率需求;无人机在冬至日航时为21 h、夏至日可实现跨昼夜飞行;在能源系统重量相同情况下,该混合能源无人机的航时分别是纯锂电池无人机和燃料电池无人机的5.5倍和1.2倍。     

一种新型铝基合金的制备及其与水反应性能研究

为了降低铝水反应的启动温度,提高铝基燃料的反应速率,通过熔炼法制得一种新型铝基合金.采用原子发射光谱(AES)、差热分析(DTA)和水解性能测试考察了制备方法、合金表面形态、反应温度和两种不同添加剂对合金性能的影响,并且考察了合金作为阳极材料的性能.结果表明:合金常温与水反应速率为35.53mL/ (g-min),反应率为82.1％.球磨改变合金表面形态之后,不但反应速率提高10倍,反应率也得提高到90.52％.对体系预热能有效的降低反应启动时间,同时提高反应率也提高到92.69％.自行设计的熔炼装置能使金属镁的烧损率降低到3％.添加剂b的综合性能优于a,能使合金的熔化温度大幅降低为855 K.作为电池阳极时,由于自腐蚀析氢比较严重,放电性能不稳定,需进一步优化降低自腐蚀.     

Deformation of the ionosphere structure during the space weather events on October–November 2003

We present the spatial maps of the ionosphere–plasmasphere slab thickness τ (ratio of the vertical total electron content, TEC, to the F-region peak electron density, NmF2) during the intense ionospheric storms of October–November 2003. The model-assisted technology for estimate of the upper boundary of the ionosphere, hup, from the slab thickness components in the bottomside and topside ionosphere – eliminating the plasmasphere contribution of τ – is applied at latitudes 35° to 70°N and longitudes −10° to 40°E, from the data of 20 observatories of GPS-TEC and ionosonde networks, for selected days and hours of October and November 2003. The daily–hourly values of NmF2, hmF2 and TECgps are used as the constrained parameters for the International Reference Ionosphere extended to the plasmasphere, IRI-Plas, during the ionospheric quiet days, positive and negative storm phases for estimate of τ and hup. Good correlation has been found between the slab thickness and the upper boundary of the ionosphere for the intense ionospheric storms at October–November 2003. During the negative phase of the ionospheric storm, when the ionospheric plasma density is exhausted, the nighttime upper boundary of the ionosphere is greatly uplifted towards the magnetosphere tail, while the daytime upper boundary of the ionosphere is reduced below 500 km over the Earth.     

Symmetry and asymmetry of ionospheric weather at magnetic conjugate points for two midlatitude observatories

Variations of the ionospheric weather W-index for two midlatitude observatories, namely, Grahamstown and Hermanus, and their conjugate counterpart locations in Africa are studied for a period from October 2010 to December 2011. The observatories are located in the longitude sector, which has consistent magnetic equator and geographic equator so that geomagnetic latitudes of the line of force are very close to the corresponding geographic latitudes providing opportunity to ignore the impact of the difference of the gravitational field and the geomagnetic field at the conjugate points on the ionosphere structure and dynamics. The ionosondes of Grahamstown and Hermanus provide data of the critical frequency (foF2), and Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM) provide the total electron content (TECgps) along the magnetic field line up to the conjugate point in the opposite hemisphere. The global model of the ionosphere, International Reference Ionosphere, extended to the plasmasphere altitude of 20,200 km (IRI-Plas) is used to deliver the F2 layer peak parameters from TECgps at the magnetic conjugate area. The evidence is obtained that the electron gas heated by day and cooled by night at the summer hemisphere as compared with the opposite features in the conjugate winter hemisphere testifies on a reversal of plasma fluxes along the magnetic field line by the solar terminator. The ionospheric weather W-index is derived from NmF2 (related with foF2) and TECgps data. It is found that symmetry of W-index behavior in the magnetic conjugate hemispheres is dominant for the equinoxes when plasma movement along the magnetic line of force is imposed on symmetrical background electron density and electron content. Asymmetry of the ionospheric storm effects is observed for solstices when the plasma diffuse down more slowly into the colder winter hemisphere than into the warmer summer hemisphere inducing either plasma increase (positive phase) or decrease (negative phase of W-index) in the ionospheric and plasmaspheric plasma density.     

全流量补燃循环发动机系统参数模型与设计(Ⅱ)参数设计

在全流量补燃循环发动机系统动力平衡模型的基础上,研究了氢发汗冷却流量、燃烧室压力和燃烧室混合比对发动机系统参数的影响规律.研究结果表明:在发动机推力和喷管扩张比保持恒定时,①随着氢发汗冷却流量的增加,燃料泵扬程大幅度增大,氧化剂泵扬程小幅度减小;②当燃烧室压力在20MPa之前,泵的扬程增加与燃烧室压力的增加近似成线性;...