Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

地球同步轨道高压太阳电池阵充放电效应研究

地球同步轨道(GEO)高压太阳电池阵表面静电放电(ESD)引起二次放电可能导致太阳电池阵永久性短路损坏。文章主要针对GEO高压太阳电池阵充放电效应问题,重点分析了高压太阳电池阵表面ESD和二次放电产生的物理过程,并利用负高压偏置方法开展了GEO高压太阳电池阵表面ESD和二次放电地面模拟试验。试验验证了反转电位梯度电场是导致GEO高压太阳电池阵表面产生ESD的触发因素之一,同时得到了GaAs高压太阳电池阵样品表面产生ESD和二次放电的电压阈值。     

航天器防护高能带电粒子的新方法

文章介绍了航天器防护高能带电粒子的一种新方法——利用磁鞘进行主动防护。阐述了磁鞘防护高能带电粒子的基本原理,分析了其在工程应用上的可行性,并提出了磁鞘的一种设计方案。针对这种设计方案进行了数值分析计算,结果表明该方案可以有效防护0.15MeV以下的电子。     

红外地球敏感器地面静电放电模拟试验方法研究

 设计了红外地球敏感器的地面模拟卫星静电放电试验方法。对卫星的空间环境以及结构特点的分析结果表明,地球同步静止轨道卫星表面存在静电放电的可能性。通过静电放电试验找到了红外地球敏感器易受干扰的部位并提出了解决措施。     

基于数字水印的多媒体教学资源版权保护的研究

针对视频、音频、电子课件等多媒体教学资源亟待解决的版权保护问题,提出一种新的基于数字水印技术的解决方案。并结合目前教学资源管理系统的结构进行实践性的探索,得出一种系统解决教学资源版权保护的技术方法。     

Interstellar planetary protection

In the coming decades the detection of Earth-like extrasolar planets, either apparently lifeless or exhibiting spectral signatures of life, will encourage design studies for craft to visit them. These missions will require the elaboration of an interstellar planetary protection protocol. Given a specific dose required to sterilize microorganisms on a spacecraft, a critical mean velocity can be determined below which a craft becomes self-sterilizing. This velocity is calculated to be below velocities previously projected for interstellar missions, suggesting that an active sterilization protocol prior to launch might be required. Given uncertainties in the surface conditions of a destination extrasolar planet, particularly at microscopic scales, the potential for unknown biochemistries and biologies elsewhere, or the possible inoculation of a lifeless planet that is habitable, then both lander and orbiter interstellar missions should be completely free of all viable organisms, necessitating a planetary protection approach applied to orbiters and landers bound for star systems with unknown local conditions for habitability. I discuss the case of existing craft on interstellar trajectories – Pioneer 10, 11 and Voyager 1 and 2.     

名城文化误区与政府文化观

当前历史名城的保护和建设中,出现了不少文化误区,表现为“泛文化”、“狭文化”、“假文化”、“死文化”、“功利文化”以及文化的“泛产业化”和非特色化,等等。产生这些误区的原因不仅仅是政府利益和政绩观、发展观产生偏差,政府文化观的缺失与错位才是问题产生的根源,因此,只有培养正确的文化观和体制改革双管齐下,才能更好地保护和传承名城文化,避免借保护之名行破坏之实的行为。     

KM6水平舱消防灭火系统介绍

消防灭火系统是KM6水平舱的重要组成系统之一。由于舱内环境的特殊性,使得该系统不同于普通的消防灭火系统。针对KM6水平舱舱内的特殊环境,本文章分析了消防灭火系统的关键问题,提出了解决的具体方案,结合目前国际上先进的消防灭火技术,设计提出了适合KM6水平舱特殊环境的消防灭火系统具体方案。系统经过调试后表明:该系统设计理念先进,能很好的地满足水平舱“人-船-服”联合试验的需要。     

一种改善飞行员抗荷服性能的新方法

在管式抗荷服的腹囊和两侧管囊间分别装上分压装置和泄压活门,将腹囊内的压力降至管囊内压力的40%左右.在管式抗荷服研制中采用这种新型的分压技术,克服了飞行员穿着时的腹部压痛问题,改善了其舒适性,提高了飞行员的正向过载防护能力.具有分压装置的新型抗荷服进行了10人次的离心机生理试验,在过载增长率3 G/s、最大试验过载9 G条件下,分压装置工作正常,装备抗荷效果达到了3.5 G.对60名歼击机飞行员调查表明,分压装置和泄压活门的大小、安装部位及其舒适性均可接受.该技术已用于其它新型管式抗荷服的设计中.      

民用飞机第23.867条款要求及适航审定研究

随着越来越多先进复合材料应用在民用飞机上以及民用飞机上使用的电子电气设备重要度和集成度越来越高,飞机的闪电防护设计越来越重要。CCAR-23第23.867条对民用飞机机体结构闪电直接效应防护进行了规定。研究了该条款的制定和修订的背景和历程,明确了条款的实质要求。23部飞机的使用用途和设计特点使得23部飞机的闪电防护设计和符合性验证也有自己的特点,为此,重点研究了23.867条款的基本设计、审定步骤和审查关注要素等,梳理出了飞机机体结构的闪电直接效应防护设计和适航审定的基本流程,给出了可接受的符合性方法,提出了23部飞机闪电直接效应防护设计、审定各流程的主要工作、可指导或可参考的文件、重点关注要素和技术审查要点,为民用飞机的闪电直接效应防护的设计和适航审定提供了参考。