Soybean cultivation for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs): The effect of hydroponic system and nitrogen source

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the plant species selected within the European Space Agency (ESA) Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) project for hydroponic cultivation in Biological Life Support Systems (BLSSs), because of the high nutritional value of seeds. Root symbiosis of soybean with Bradirhizobium japonicum contributes to plant nutrition in soil, providing ammonium through the bacterial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two hydroponic systems, Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and cultivation on rockwool, and two nitrogen sources in the nutrient solution, nitrate (as Ca(NO₃)₂ and KNO₃) and urea (CO(NH₂)₂), on root symbiosis, plant growth and seeds production of soybean. Plants of cultivar ‘OT8914’, inoculated with B. japonicum strain BUS-2, were grown in a growth chamber, under controlled environmental conditions.     

热处理工艺对2A12铝合金阳极氧化膜性能影响

文章研究了2A12热处理工艺对于阳极氧化膜性能的影响,考察不同消应力退火温度及固溶温度条件下阳极氧化膜与基体结合强度及膜层裂纹扩展.通过光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对氧化膜组织和形貌进行分析.结果表明,2A12铝合金消应力退火可减少阳极氧化膜裂纹密度及宽度,未进行消应力退火的氧化膜多为穿透性裂纹;阳极氧化膜裂纹...     

磷化底漆与阿洛丁化学转化膜耐蚀性能的对比研究

通过电化学阻抗谱和恒电位稳态阳极极化曲线2种电化学测试方法,对磷化底漆和阿洛丁化学转化膜进行了测试,发现磷化底漆的耐蚀性明显优于阿洛丁化学转化膜,其极化电阻RP比阿洛丁转化膜高一个数量级,钝化区电位范围在-0.75～ 1.0V之间,而阿洛丁化学转化膜钝化区电位范围明显偏低,在-2.0～0.00V之间。     

钛合金低温脉冲微弧阳极氧化技术

为了防止钛合金与其它活泼金属接触时发生电偶腐蚀，防止粘结，提高其表面硬度，减少摩擦磨损而提出了脉冲微弧阳极氧化工艺。微弧阳极氧化在L(含硫化合物)、T(含磷化合物)及若干添加剂的混合电解液中进行。由脉冲电源供电。高压、高热的微弧使零件表面发生等离子体放电现象，形成2-15μm致密的、高绝缘的氧化膜层。它有抗腐蚀、防粘结的功能；同时，钛合金的表面硬度得到大幅度提高。     

无外表面的腐蚀缝隙内PH值的分布

用设计的无外表面的缝隙连续测试了LC4铝合金在不受力情况下,在100ppm和3.5％NaCl溶液中,在自腐蚀电位及不同极化电位下,pH值随时间变化和沿缝深的分布。结果表明:自腐状态下,在100ppm NaCl溶液中,缝隙内pH呈碱性。在3.5％NaCl溶液中,腐蚀缝隙内靠近缝隙口的pH呈酸性,而远离缝隙口处的pH呈碱性。在100ppm NaCl溶液中,对缝隙口进行阳极极化时,靠近缝隙口经2h后,pH值由6.8降到约2.5呈酸性;而远离缝隙口pH值由6.8降到约4.5,随后增加到约8呈碱性;阴极极化时缝隙内pH值升高呈强碱。该研究结果与铝的电位-pH图相吻合。     

Development of a new cloud model for Venus (MAD-VenLA) using the Modal Aerosol Dynamics approach

For decades, clouds have remained a central open question in understanding the climate system of Venus. We have developed a new microphysical model for the clouds of Venus that we describe in this paper. The model is a modal aerosol dynamical model that treats the formation and evolution of sulfuric acid solution droplets with a moderate computational cost. To this end, the microphysical equations are derived to describe the evolution of the size distribution of the particles using the moments of the distribution. We describe the derivation of the equations and their implementation in the model. We tested each microphysical process of the model separately in conditions of the Venus’ atmosphere and show that the model behaves in a physically sound manner in the tested cases. The model will be coupled in the future with a Venus Global Climate Model and used for elucidating the remaining mysteries.     

热镀锌钢板钼酸盐—单宁酸钝化研究

采用钼酸盐—单宁酸复合钝化工艺对热镀锌钢板进行了钝化处理。硫酸铜点滴实验表明,采用钼酸盐—单宁酸复合钝化的镀锌钢板的耐蚀性与单一钼酸盐钝化的耐蚀性相当。测试了镀锌钢板在0.5mol/L的NaCl溶液中钝化前后的极化曲线、电化学交流阻抗谱。结果表明:经钼酸盐、单宁酸、钼酸盐—单宁酸钝化的样品腐蚀电流密度分别为4.95×10-5、9.80×10-5和1.47×10-4A cm-2。电化学阻抗谱表明,单宁酸加入钼酸盐中,其钝化样品耐蚀性能有所下降。简要探讨了钼酸盐—单宁酸复合钝化机理。     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

水杨酸对盐胁迫下沙冬青幼苗抗氧化酶活性及PSⅡ光化学效率的影响

濒危植物沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mongolicus为亚洲中部荒漠地区唯一的常绿阔叶灌木,具有较高的保护和园林绿化价值.为了解水杨酸对沙冬青在盐胁迫下的缓解作用,使用水培方法培养沙冬青幼苗,测定其在w=1.3%NaCl胁迫下经不同浓度水杨酸处理后的抗氧化酶活性、PSⅡ光化学效率及其他与植物抗性有关的生理指标的变化.结果表明,0.5 mmol·L~(-1)水杨酸处理下,根和茎叶鲜质量比盐胁迫组分别提高了100%和85%,总叶绿素含量达到盐胁迫组的1.3倍;而1 mmol·L~(-1)水杨酸可使根和茎叶鲜质量均提高90%,总叶绿素含量达到盐胁迫组的1.7倍.这2种浓度的水杨酸均可使叶绿素荧光参数恢复到正常对照水平.水杨酸可以显著增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,其中1.0 mmol·L~(-1)水杨酸处理下叶片与根部SOD酶活性分别比盐胁迫组升高了54%和68%;POD酶活性则分别提高了80%和117%,均显著高于对照组与盐胁迫组.同时,水杨酸还抑制了过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,减少丙二醛积累,从而缓解NaCl对沙冬青的胁迫.但是水杨酸浓度过高(达到2.0 mmol·L~(-1)),沙冬青幼苗生长即受到抑制,各项生理指标均低于单纯盐胁迫下的幼苗.综合各项生理指标,水杨酸1 mmol·L~(-1)的施用效果优于0.5 mmol·L~(-1).