Statistical analysis of the occurrence rate of geomagnetic storms during solar cycles 20–24

This study examines the occurrences rate of geomagnetic storms during the solar cycles (SCs) 20–24. It also investigates the solar sources at SCs 23 and 24. The Disturbed storm time (Dst) and Sunspot Number (SSN) data were used in the study. The study establishes that the magnitude of the rate of occurrences of geomagnetic storms is higher (lower) at the descending phases (minimum phases) of solar cycle. It as well reveals that severe and extreme geomagnetic storms (Dst < -250 nT) seldom occur at low solar activity but at very high solar activity and are mostly associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) when occurred. Storms caused by CME + CH-HSSW are more prominent during the descending phase than any other phase of the solar cycle. Solar minimum features more CH-HSSW- associated storms than any other phase. It was also revealed that all high intensity geomagnetic storms (strong, severe and extreme) are mostly associated with CMEs. However, CH-HSSW can occasionally generate strong storms during solar minimum. The results have proven that CMEs are the leading cause of geomagnetic storms at the ascending, maximum and the descending phases of the cycles 23 and 24 followed by CME + CH-HSSW. The results from this study indicate that the rate of occurrence of geomagnetic storms could be predicted in SC phases.     

The global response of terrestrial ionosphere to the December 2015 space weather event

This paper investigates the ionospheric storm of December 19–21, 2015, which was initiated by two successive CME eruptions that caused a G3 space weather event. We used the in situ electron density (N_e) and electron temperature (T_e) and the Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements from SWARM-A satellite, as well as the O/N₂ observations from TIMED/GUVI to study the ionospheric impact. The observations reveal the longitudinal and hemispherical differences in the ionospheric response to the storm event. A positive ionospheric storm was observed over the American, African and Asian regions on 20 December, and the next day showed a negative storm. Both these exhibited hemispheric differences. A positive storm was observed over the East Pacific region on 21 December. It is seen that the net effect of both the disturbance dynamo electric field and composition differences become important in explaining the observed variability in topside ionospheric densities. In addition, we also discuss the T_e variations that occurred as a consequence of the space weather event.     

叶尖间隙控制系统供气部件特性及模拟方法

针对低压涡轮叶尖间隙控制系统中典型供气管路，即圆形截面90°弯曲冷却管，开展其工作特性和模拟方法研究.通过1∶1单管模型试验结合三维数值模拟方法，研究了冷却管上冲击孔的出流特性，分析了进气参数、冲击孔排布对冷却管内气体流动及流量分配的影响规律.在此基础上，提出了基于冲击孔进口有效总压概念的冷却管一维网络流动计算模型，建立了低压涡轮叶尖间隙系统中典型供气管路的一维网络流动计算方法，并应用于某型发动机组件流量特性试验设计中.研究中发现，随着远离进口位置，冷却管冲击孔出流流量和冲击孔流量系数逐步增加；随着进口雷诺数的增加，冷却管内冲击孔出流流量均有所增加，而冲击孔流量系数基本保持不变.试验数据和计算结果比对表明，所建立的一维网络流动计算模型可以准确模拟出冷却管的出流特性，计算结果同组件流量特性试验数据之间最大相对误差为4.5%，在叶尖间隙控制系统这类系统复杂流路的流动问题分析中具有良好的应用效果.      

离散孔结构超声速气膜冷却数值模拟

为了得到气膜入口结构对气膜冷却效率的影响规律，并为工程应用提供参考，针对不同形状气膜入口结构的离散孔超声速气膜冷却展开了三维数值模拟。结果表明:气膜入口结构对气膜冷却效率影响明显，轴对称孔入口收敛段结构的流量系数直接影响冷却效果，计算工况下流量系数降低013下游冷却效率约降低005，应该防止收敛段剧烈收缩；同时，离散孔扩张段面积变化速率越小越有利于冷却，变化过快会使得冷却剂得不到充分发展，垂直主流方向的速度分量大，使得气膜往两侧流动而中心区域冷却效果变差；在非轴对称离散孔出口增加平直段能使射流更集中，可以有效防止气膜在上游被穿透造成冷却恶化现象。