Investigation of the steam-cooled blade in a steam turbine cascade

With the increasing demand for electricity,an efficiency improvement and thereby reduced CO2 emissions of the coal-fired plants are expected in order to reach the goals set in the Kyoto protocol.It can be achieved by a rise of the process parameters.Currently,live steam pressures and temperatures up to 300 bars and 923 K are planned as the next step.Closed circuit steam cooling of blades and vanes in modern steam turbines is a promising technology in order to establish elevated live steam temperatures in future steam turbine cycles.In this paper,a steam-cooled test vane in a cascade with external hot steam flow is analyzed numerically with the in-house code CHTflow.A parametric analysis aiming to improve the cooling effectiveness is carried out by varying the cooling mass flow ratio.The results from two investigated cases show that the steam cooling technique has a good application potential in the steam turbine.The internal part of the vane is cooled homogeneously in both cases.With the increased cooling mass flow rate,there is a significant improvement of cooling efficiency at the leading edge.The results show that the increased cooling mass flow ratio can enhance the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge.With respect to trailing edge,there is no observable improvement of cooling effectiveness with the increased cooling mass flow.This implies that due to the limited dimension at the trailing edge,the thermal stress cannot be decreased by increasing the cooling mass flow rate.Therefore,impingement-cooling configuration at the trailing edge might be a solution to overcome the critical thermal stress there.It is also observed that the performance of the cooling effective differs on pressure side and suction side.It implicates that the equilibrium of the cooling effectiveness on two sides are influenced by a coupled relationship between cooling mass flow ratio and hole geometry.In future work,optimizing the hole geometry and cooling steam supply conditions might be the solutions for an equivalent cooling effectiveness along whole profile.      

气冷涡轮叶片三维换热问题计算

建立了三维气冷涡轮叶片换热计算的热-流耦合计算模型, 将辐射热量作为源项加入到方程中, 采用热-流耦合方法完成了某气冷涡轮叶片带辐射的三维换热计算.辐射热量的计算采用了P-1辐射模型, 比较了计算辐射和不计辐射时叶片表面的温度值及温度分布的差异.计算表明对于1600 K这样的高温燃气, 辐射热量不可忽略, 考虑辐射热量后, 叶片温度明显升高, 温度分布也产生了显著差异.      

Enhancing the efectiveness of film cooling

Advanced gas turbine stages are designed to operate at increasingly higher inlet temperatures to increase thermal efficiency and specific power output.To maintain durability and reasonable life,film cooling is needed in addition to internal cooling,especially for the first stage.Film cooling lowers material temperature by forced convection inside film-cooling holes and by forming a layer of coolant about component surfaces to insulate them from the hot gases.Unfortunately,each cooling jet forms a pair of counter-rotating vortices that entrains hot gas and causes the film-cooling jet to lift off from the surface that it is intended to protect.This paper gives an overview of efforts to enhance the effectiveness of film-cooling.This paper also describes two new design concepts.One design concept seeks to minimize the entrainment of hot gases underneath of film-cooling jets by using flow-aligned blockers.The other design concept shifts the interaction between the approaching hot gas and the cooling jet to occur further above the surface by using an upstream ramp.For both design concepts,computational fluid dynamics results are presented to examine their usefulness in enhancing film-cooling effectiveness.      

弯曲壁上开孔倾角对气膜孔流量系数的影响

对弯曲壁上的多孔气膜冷却方式的流量系数进行了实验研究, 目的是确定在一定曲率的弯曲壁上不同开孔倾角冷却孔的平均流量系数随压力参数的变化规律, 并从流动损失方面进行深入分析.研究结果表明, 对于几何参数一定的多孔冷却方式, 影响其流量系数的气动因素用压力参数来表示是合理的, 但对于不同的开孔倾角, 压力参数对流量系数的影响效果有很大差别.      

冷却塔群塔刚体测压试验研究

在考虑冷却塔群塔和周围复杂建筑物场地条件下,通过冷却塔表面刚体测压试验,研究了双曲线型圆截面冷却塔表面雷诺数效应模拟、冷却塔表面气动压力分布特征;基于等效阻力系数表达式,研究了几种典型多塔组合工程场地条件下,群塔相对于单塔的等效风荷载比例系数,并进一步分析了冷却塔在最不利吹风工况中,位移、主拉、压应力分布关系.     

微型涡喷发动机结构设计研究

探讨了一种正在研制的推力为100 N,转速为105 r/min的微型涡喷发动机的结构设计特点.首先介绍了微型涡轮发动机的总体构造特点;其次,又对这台发动机独有的结构特点进行了分析;最后,对它的旋转部件进行了强度、振动分析.最终结果表明旋转部件的结构设计满足要求.这些设计经验对于发展高推重比微型涡喷发动机有参考价值.      

半封闭肋化通道射流冲击换热特性的数值计算与实验验证

 运用数值计算的方法对半封闭肋化通道单排孔射流冲击冷却进行了三维模拟,并采用红外热像测试技术对冲击靶面的温度分布进行了实验研究,揭示出各种流动参数和几何参数对冲击射流传热特性的影响规律。研究结果表明：数值计算与实验特征基本吻合;冲击间距对肋化部分的换热影响较大,在本文研究范围内,Z-n/d=1时壁面射流区的换热效果最好;由于产生了两个方向的二次流,V型肋化通道在壁面射流区获得了最佳换热效果。     

直通道和弯曲通道中超声速气膜冷却研究

对直通道和弯曲通道两种不同几何形状中的二维平行缝槽形式的超声速气膜冷却进行了数值模拟,分析了在有、无斜激波入射冷却层时的冷却效果.计算结果表明,斜激波的入射使壁面的冷却效率较无斜激波入射时要低.在该计算模型中,无斜激波入射时,弯曲通道壁面的冷却效果好于直通道壁面,而有斜激波入射时,弯曲通道壁面的冷却效果不如直通道壁面.      

烧结多孔结构的渗透和流阻特性研究

为研究粉末冶金多孔结构的渗透性和流阻,以空气和氢气为介质进行了实验.实验显示微孔内流雷诺数低于1时,介质流量与穿过多孔结构的压降呈线性关系;当内流雷诺数高于1时,其流量与压降呈非线性特征.分析表明:传统的堆积床经验关系式将低估氢气和空气在烧结材料微孔中的流阻;相反,高估烧结多孔结构的渗透性能.并用粉末烧结结构的氢气和空气渗透实验数据拟合了多孔结构渗透率及摩擦阻力关联式.      

气动参数对前缘气膜冷却效率影响的实验

针对叶片前缘结构特点,建立了前缘气膜冷却实验台,实验模型由带气膜孔的半圆柱面和平板组成.密度比为1和1.5,动量比变化范围为0.5～4,湍流度为0.4%和8%.结果表明,随着动量比的增加,冷却效率减小.在低动量比下,湍流度的提高使径向平均冷却效率降低.随着动量比的增加,湍流度对径向平均冷却效率的影响减弱.低动量比下,密度比的增加使径向平均冷却效率减小;高动量比下,密度比的增加使径向平均冷却效率增大.