平衡风速下十字形伞弹系统姿态摆动分析

以一定高度和速度飞行的母弹从其伞弹舱中抛撒伞弹系统群,各个伞弹系统的姿态摆动情况将影响其落点及落角,进而影响其作战效能。采用立式风洞试验和非定常数值仿真(CFD),分析平衡风速下十字形伞弹系统的姿态摆动情况。通过立式风洞试验,可确定柔性伞的外形、伞弹系统的阻力系数和摆动频率,并创新"拉拽式"试验模型的约束方法;采用基于三维N-S方程的CFX软件,进行伞弹系统非定常数值仿真,分析其摆动机理。结果表明:数值仿真得到的阻力系数、法向力系数、侧向力系数及其摆动频率,均与风洞试验结果相吻合,即数值仿真结果能够反映风洞试验中伞弹系统的摆动情况;伞弹系统的流场极不稳定,伞衣内部有一对方向相反、强度交替变化的旋涡,伞衣外部存在不稳定分离流动,二者相互关联,使得气动参数呈周期性波动,导致伞弹系统的姿态摆动。     

Study of geometric parameters for the design of short intakes with fan modelling

The flow over a short intake is characterised by a strong interaction with the fan, that can only be captured when the rotor blades are modelled in the numerical simulations. In this paper, we use a coupled methodology to derive indications about relevant geometric variables affecting the high-incidence operation of an ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan intake with a length-to-diameter ratio of 0.35. By reproducing the effect of the fan through a body force model, we carry out a parametric study of the influence of the contraction ratio and the scarf angle at take-off conditions for a grid of 28 different three-dimensional shapes. The analysis of the selected performance metrics distributions at three angles of attack of 16°, 24°, and 28° reveals that a contraction ratio higher than 1.20 is needed to avoid separation at high incidence. While for an attached inlet the best performance is found with a moderate scarf angle, in presence of a developed separation the distortion level reduces as the scarf decreases up to negative values. We discuss the correspondence between the distortion indexes and the flow field, highlighting the origin of the detachment for the different geometries, according to the operating condition, and analysing the fan operation in the most distorted case. Finally, we assess the influence of modelling the rotor in the simulations, showing that its suppression effect on the separation at a given incidence depends on the intake geometric features.     

人工智能与空气动力学结合的初步思考

以人工智能为核心的新一轮技术革命及产业变革正在影响着社会的各个领域,世界各航空航天大国均在人工智能与空气动力学的结合方面开展了许多有益的尝试与探索。本文回顾了人工智能技术的发展历程及现状,重点讨论了大数据时代背景下人工智能在风洞试验、数值计算和飞行试验等空气动力学研究的三大手段上的应用,详细分析了人工智能在辅助海量气动数据分析与知识发现上发挥的作用,探讨了人工智能在气动建模与先进飞行器设计中蕴藏的应用价值,并指出了人工智能与空气动力学相结合所带来的挑战。     

基于扇翼机翼升推力机理的吹气机翼研究

基于对扇翼飞行器升推力产生机理的数值计算与分析，提出了一种扇翼飞行器机翼的替代方案——吹气机翼。分析了扇翼机翼升推力的产生机理并在扇翼机翼翼型的基础上构建了吹气机翼翼型。建立了两种机翼翼型的数值计算方法，通过对比相对静压分布曲线、速度云图和压力云图，证明了吹气机翼具有与扇翼机翼一样的升推力产生方式，即涡致升推力的形成机制。通过将横流风扇加速后气流流速定义为吹气机翼吹气速度，对比了两种机翼升推力随来流速度和迎角的变化关系。结果表明:两种机翼的升推力变化趋势基本一致，仅在迎角大于20°时，吹气机翼推力值相较扇翼机翼损失了近5倍。总体而言，在常规飞行状态下，吹气机翼能够替代扇翼机翼，为相关飞行器的增升和优化设计提供了一种思路。      

超声速喷管性能优化研究与应用

基于重启全局最优化方法和高斯过程（GP）模型，以模型区流场指标为优化目标，对超声速喷管型面进行优化设计。给出0.6m连续式跨声速风洞流场测试结果，提出优化问题并验证了CFD计算的有效性。利用拥挤距离来控制重启局部优化算法的位置，实现更高效的重启全局最优化算法；利用高斯过程模型对喷管设计参数与模型区流场性能指标的关系进行建模，构造替代数学模型来执行优化搜索，以减少实际的CFD评估次数。结果表明:该方法能以较小的代价实现对喷管性能的优化，模型区马赫数方均根偏差由0.012降到0.001，马赫数梯度由0.049降到0。      

Sajben扩压器复杂流动中湍流模型的性能评估

用8个常用的湍流模型对Sajben扩压器中跨声速流动进行了数值模拟，评估了Spalart-Allmaras， 标准k-ε， RNG (re-normalization group) k-ε，realizable k-ε，标准k-ω，SST(shear stress transport) k-ω，v2-f，Reynolds stress共8个湍流模型对激波/湍流边界层相互作用的模拟预测能力.通过与实验数据比较发现:SST k-ω模型和v2-f模型比其他模型模拟的更准确，其中SST k-ω模型比v2-f更能准确地预测壁面压力，然而对于分离点、再附点以及分离区长度v2-f比SST k-ω预测得更准确.      

褶皱结构对蜻蜓后翅的气动特性影响分析

褶皱结构是否能对蜻蜓后翅气动性能产生正面的影响,对蜻蜓后翅气动性能的影响是否与雷诺数(Re)相关。建立接近真实蜻蜓后翅的三维蜻蜓后翅褶皱模型和拥有同样外形的三维平板模型,利用计算流体力学方法分别计算两个模型在不同Re、不同攻角(α)下滑翔飞行时的气动特性。结果表明:褶皱结构的存在会明显提高蜻蜓后翅的升力,但是同时也会增大其阻力;不同Re情况下,褶皱结构对蜻蜓后翅气动性能的影响不同,当Re=1 000,α=0°～25°时,蜻蜓后翅的气动效能始终略优于三维平板;褶皱结构对蜻蜓后翅气动特性的影响与α也相关,α较大时蜻蜓后翅的气动效能略优于三维平板。     

空客公司成功的机翼设计Ⅱ——A320、A330/A340、A350及A380机翼设计

空中客车的成功离不开其先进的机翼设计,其机翼由英国宇航公司负责设计和生产。空客飞机机翼先进的空气动力设计,包括尖峰后加载翼型、超临界翼型、先进跨声速机翼设计——超临界机翼设计、机翼与机身的干扰、翼梢小翼设计、增升装置设计等。     

Aerodynamic optimization of a high-lift system with adaptive dropped hinge flap

The Adaptive Dropped Hinge Flap (ADHF) is a novel trailing edge high-lift device characterized by the integration of downward deflection spoiler and simple hinge flap, with excellent aerodynamic and mechanism performance. In this paper, aerodynamic optimization design of an ADHF high-lift system is conducted considering the mechanism performance. Shape and settings of both takeoff and landing configurations are optimized and analyzed, with considering the kinematic constraints of ADHF mechanism, and the desired optimization results were obtained after optimization. Sensitivity analysis proves the robustness of the optimal design. Comparison shows that the ADHF design has better comprehensive performance of both mechanism and aerodynamics than the conventional Fowler flap and simple hinge flap design.     

Experimental investigation of expansion effect on shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp

The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of expansion on the shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp. The small-angle expansion with an angle degree of 5° occurs at different positions in front of the compression ramp. The particle image velocimetry and flow visualization technology show the flow structures, velocity field, and velocity fluctuation near the compression ramp. The mean pressure distribution, pressure fluctuation, and power spectral density are measured by high-frequency response pressure transducers. The experimental results indicate that the expansion before the compression ramp position affects the shock wave boundary layer interaction to induce a large-scale separation. But the velocity fluctuation and pressure fluctuation are attenuated near the large-scale flow separation region. When the expansion occurs closer to the compression ramp, the expansion has a more significant impact on the flow. The fluctuation of velocity and pressure is significantly attenuated, and the wall pressure rise of the separation point is reduced obviously. And the characteristic low-frequency spectrum signal related to the unsteadiness of the shock wave boundary layer interaction is significantly suppressed. In addition, variation of the separation region scale at different compression angle degrees is distinctive with the effect of expansion.