液体火箭凝胶推进剂燃烧特性研究进展

液体火箭凝胶推进剂燃烧特性是凝胶推进技术发展的关键问题之一。综述了液体火箭凝胶推进剂燃烧特性研究状况与进展,详细阐述了凝胶液滴燃烧机理,总结分析了凝胶推进剂燃烧特性三种试验研究方案和四种理论研究模型的特点,指出了研究凝胶推进剂燃烧特性的重要性并对进一步的研究工作提出建议。     

Verification of shielding effect by the water-filled materials for space radiation in the International Space Station using passive dosimeters

The dose reduction effects for space radiation by installation of water shielding material (“protective curtain”) of a stack board consisting of the hygienic wipes and towels have been experimentally evaluated in the International Space Station by using passive dosimeters. The averaged water thickness of the protective curtain was 6.3 g/cm². The passive dosimeters consisted of a combination of thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) and plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs). Totally 12 passive dosimeter packages were installed in the Russian Service Module during late 2010. Half of the packages were located at the protective curtain surface and the other half were at the crew cabin wall behind or aside the protective curtain. The mean absorbed dose and dose equivalent rates are measured to be 327 μGy/day and 821 μSv/day for the unprotected packages and 224 μGy/day and 575 μSv/day for the protected packages, respectively. The observed dose reduction rate with protective curtain was found to be 37 ± 7% in dose equivalent, which was consistent with the calculation in the spherical water phantom by PHITS. The contributions due to low and high LET particles were found to be comparable in observed dose reduction rate. The protective curtain would be effective shielding material for not only trapped particles (several 10 MeV) but also for low energy galactic cosmic rays (several 100 MeV/n). The properly utilized protective curtain will effectively reduce the radiation dose for crew living in space station and prolong long-term mission in the future.     

大连春季一次平流海雾天气过程分析

本文从天气形势背景、水文气象条件等方面分析2012年4月下旬发生在大连地区的一次平流海雾过程;重点探讨大连地区春季海雾的形成机制与大雾形成的水汽来源等问题。在东南风的引导下,暖湿空气流经冷的海面是成雾的主要机制;天气形势稳定少动是这次大雾天气持续时间较长的主要原因。     

Water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity

A plant growth system for crop production under microgravity is part of a life supporting system designed for long-duration space missions. A plant growth in soil in space requires the understanding of water movement in soil void spaces under microgravity. Under 1G-force condition, on earth, water movement in porous media is driven by gradients of matric and gravitational potentials. Under microgravity condition, water movement in porous media is supposed to be driven only by a matric potential gradient, but it is still not well understood. We hypothesized that under microgravity water in void spaces of porous media hardly moved comparing in void spaces without obstacles because the concave surfaces of the porous media hindered water movement. The objective of this study was to investigate water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity. We conducted parabolic flight experiments that provided 20–25?s of microgravity at the top of a parabolic flight. We observed water movement in void spaces in soil-like porous media made by glass beads and glass spheres (round-bottomed glass flasks) in the different conditions of water injection under microgravity. Without water injection, water did not move much in neither glass beads nor glass spheres. When water was injected during microgravity, water accumulated in contacts between the particles, and the water made thick fluid films on the particles surface. When the water injection was stopped under microgravity, water was held in the contacts between the particles. This study showed that water did not move upward in the void spaces with or without the water injection. In addition, our results suggested that the difficulty of water movement on the convex (i.e. particle surfaces) might result in slower water move in porous media under microgravity than at 1G-force.     

进化策略在火箭发动机静态特性研究中的应用

建立了全流量补燃循环发动机的静态特性的数学模型.描述静态特性的数学模型是由一组非线性方程组成的.采用基于进化策略的进化算法求解全流量补燃循环发动机的静态特性方程,将该模型的非线性方程组求解问题转化为求带有约束的极小值的优化问题,建立了进化策略计算模型.讨论了进化策略算法在进化计算过程中使用的变异算子、重组算子和选择算子的设计,以及对约束条件的处理方法.数值计算的结果表明,利用基于进化策略的算法可以在较大范围内进行全流量循环液体火箭发动机的静态特性研究.     

HS40碳纤维/氰酸酯树脂复合材料的湿热行为

通过对低温固化HS40碳纤维/氰酸酯树脂复合材料进行不同湿热环境处理以及3次循环吸湿-脱湿处理,研究其湿热行为。结果表明:复合材料在70℃水浸以及70℃/95%RH两种环境吸湿31 d饱和吸湿率分别为0.71%和0.11%,说明该低温固化氰酸酯树脂基复合材料有很好的耐湿热性;研究复合材料的循环吸湿-脱湿行为,发现复合材料在70℃水浴锅中第1次水浸10 d的吸湿率为0.69%,尚未达到饱和,而第2、3次水浸10 d后的吸湿率分别提高到0.72%和0.74%;复合材料的层间剪切强度随着循环次数的增加,降低更为明显,经过3次循环吸湿-脱湿之后试样的层间剪切强度较干态试样降低了50.77%,连续吸水60 d的试样层间剪切强度较干态试样降低了58.98%。     

热力学排气系统压力控制地面原理实验研究

低温推进剂由于其比冲高、无毒无污染,被认为是进入空间及轨道转移最经济、效率最高的化学推进剂,也是未来人类月球探测、火星探测以及更远距离深空探测的首选推进剂。热力学排气技术是解决低温推进剂长期在轨应用蒸发量控制问题的一项关键技术。针对应用于低温贮箱的热力学排气系统(TVS)搭建了地面原理实验平台,采用制冷剂R123为工质,开展了增压、混合喷射降压以及节流制冷3种不同工作模式下的实验研究,分析了不同阶段箱体压力及内部流体问题变化情况,实验验证了热力学排气系统的压力控制效果,与直接排气相比,热力学排气可节省41%的排气损失,该结果可为低温推进剂在轨贮存热力学排气技术的发展提供借鉴和参考。     

机械冲击载荷下固体推进剂热点微观模型探讨

分析了推进剂内部初始裂纹在机械冲击载荷作用下的扩展以及与反应气体产物相互作用。利用Ⅰ、Ⅱ型裂纹扩展、推进剂分解化学动力学模型,建立微观热点模型,研究了裂纹面摩擦、推进剂分解以及裂纹内部气相反应等微观过程。进行数值模拟计算,得出了推进剂产生高温热点或导致冲击点燃的外部条件。认为裂纹间摩擦和气相产物在高速冲击下压缩可导致推进荆热点产生。     

粒度和形貌及粒度分布对RDX安全和热分解性能的影响

采用溶剂/非溶剂法和筛分法,通过控制搅拌速度及溶剂与非溶剂温度差,制备了不同粒度、形貌和粒度分布的RDX粉末。利用激光粒度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其进行了相应表征;利用撞击和摩擦感度试验、慢烤试验及DSC测试分别研究了不同粒度、形貌及粒度分布的RDX样品的安全性能和热分解特性。研究结果表明,粒度、形貌及粒度分布是影响RDX安全和热分解性能的重要因素。随着粒度的减小,RDX的机械和热感度显著降低。另外,窄粒度分布的RDX样品普遍具有更低的机械感度,而宽粒度分布的RDX样品通常具有更好的热稳定性。     

航行体高速入水问题研究综述

从理论研究、实验研究和数值仿真研究3个方面综述了航行体高速入水问题的研究进展。入水问题研究可分为入水冲击、空泡的形成演化以及入水弹道3个方向。在入水冲击研究方面,概述了入水冲击的理论计算方法、数值仿真方法以及入水冲击实验的研究进展;在入水空泡研究方面,概述了空泡的形成理论与形态演化模型、入水空泡实验以及数值仿真研究成果;在入水弹道研究方面,概述了入水弹道稳定性的实验、数值仿真研究情况。在此基础上,提出了后续入水研究发展重点方向。