空间润滑脂的研究进展

空间环境中高真空、高低温、强辐射、原子氧和微重力等恶劣因素对空间润滑脂的结构和性能提出了特殊要求。为了满足空间运动部件高可靠性和长寿命的要求,需要改善空间润滑脂的性能。文章主要从基础油、稠化剂和添加剂这3个方面介绍和分析了空间润滑脂的研究进展及发展方向。     

基于热流体动力润滑分析的滑动轴承平衡位置和动力特性系数研究(英文)

建立了考虑润滑油粘热效应的滑动轴承热流体动力润滑分析模型,采用有限元法分析滑动轴承油膜压力和温度分布。对有限元方程关于扰动项求导直接得到油膜压力对于各扰动项的偏导数,并且通过油膜压力对于扰动项的偏导数构建油膜力Jacobi矩阵。采用Newton-Raphson方法确定给定静载下的轴承平衡位置,同时不需要额外的计算即可通过油膜力Jacobi矩阵获得滑动轴承动力特性系数。通过算例研究了轴承几何参数对滑动轴承动力系数的影响。分析结果表明,油膜温度对轴承刚度系数的影响大于阻尼系数;在轴承偏心率较小时,轴承承载力和刚度系数随转速的增加而增大;而在轴承偏心率较大时,轴承承载力和刚度系数随转速的增加而减小。     

航空发动机滑油系统断油时主推力球轴承的瞬态热分析

对在航空发动机滑油系统断油时的主推力球轴承瞬态热进行了分析。在分析基础上,应用弹流润滑理论给出了主推力球轴承产生损伤的条件,确定了中断供油时主推力球轴承的允许极限温升,或允许中断供油时主推力球轴承安全工作的极限时间,从而给出了主推力球轴承中断供油30S的安全余度。计算及其结果可为发动机整机试车及润滑系统设计提供参考。     

高强钢铣削中微量润滑技术效果的试验分析

为了验证微量润滑技术对刀具磨损及工件表面粗糙度的影响,研制出一套微量润滑系统,利用压缩气体流经的截面变小所产生的压强差来吸取箱体中的液体,并传输到喷嘴进行雾化.将其应用在高强度钢铣削加工中.试验结果表明:相对于干切削和传统浇注冷却,微量润滑技术具有明显的优势,它可有效地减小刀具磨损,并将工件表面粗糙度控制在较低的水平,尤其在高转速、大切深、快进给加工中,同时其还具有结构简单、冷却液用量小、对环境污染小等优点.对试验结果进行了初步分析.     

基于弹流润滑理论的深沟球轴承动态虚拟仿真

润滑油膜对轴承的胶合、擦伤和接触疲劳有重要影响.而以往对轴承的仿真均忽略了润滑油膜的存在,误差较大.首先在刚性套圈假设的前提下,基于Hertz接触理论,运用拟动力学法建立球轴承在径向、轴向载荷作用下的力学模型,以Newton-Raphson法为主要计算工具对模型进行求解,获得轴承在联合载荷作用下的接触载荷和变形,并求取了各个滚珠与内、外圈之间的接触刚度.基于弹性流体动力润滑(EHL)理论考虑润滑油膜对轴承动态特性的影响,求取滚动轴承油膜刚度.提出等效综合刚度的概念并求其值,在此基础上运用ADAMS软件对轴承进行准确的动力学仿真.      

Verification of shielding effect by the water-filled materials for space radiation in the International Space Station using passive dosimeters

The dose reduction effects for space radiation by installation of water shielding material (“protective curtain”) of a stack board consisting of the hygienic wipes and towels have been experimentally evaluated in the International Space Station by using passive dosimeters. The averaged water thickness of the protective curtain was 6.3 g/cm². The passive dosimeters consisted of a combination of thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) and plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs). Totally 12 passive dosimeter packages were installed in the Russian Service Module during late 2010. Half of the packages were located at the protective curtain surface and the other half were at the crew cabin wall behind or aside the protective curtain. The mean absorbed dose and dose equivalent rates are measured to be 327 μGy/day and 821 μSv/day for the unprotected packages and 224 μGy/day and 575 μSv/day for the protected packages, respectively. The observed dose reduction rate with protective curtain was found to be 37 ± 7% in dose equivalent, which was consistent with the calculation in the spherical water phantom by PHITS. The contributions due to low and high LET particles were found to be comparable in observed dose reduction rate. The protective curtain would be effective shielding material for not only trapped particles (several 10 MeV) but also for low energy galactic cosmic rays (several 100 MeV/n). The properly utilized protective curtain will effectively reduce the radiation dose for crew living in space station and prolong long-term mission in the future.     

基于润滑理论的二维积冰数值模拟

将基于润滑理论的水膜-冰层模型推广到在任意二维截面上建立的正交曲线坐标系,得到描述二维型线表面水膜流动和积冰的偏微分控制方程.采用一种隐式-显式有限差分格式建立控制方程组的代数形式,给出求解非稳态控制方程组的数值方法.为验证模型和数值解法的有效性,在典型的航空积冰和传输线积冰环境下对翼型和传输线表面的积冰算例进行数值模拟.将水膜-冰层模型的冰形计算结果与传统Messinger模型的模拟结果以及冰风洞试验结果进行对比,低温明冰条件下采用当前方法计算的翼型表面冰形接近于Messinger模型的模拟冰形曲线;相对高温条件下的计算结果比传统Messinger模型更为精确.低速积冰环境下Messinger模型难以模拟的传输线表面积冰同样可以采用水膜-冰层模型进行有效 预测.     

大连春季一次平流海雾天气过程分析

本文从天气形势背景、水文气象条件等方面分析2012年4月下旬发生在大连地区的一次平流海雾过程;重点探讨大连地区春季海雾的形成机制与大雾形成的水汽来源等问题。在东南风的引导下,暖湿空气流经冷的海面是成雾的主要机制;天气形势稳定少动是这次大雾天气持续时间较长的主要原因。     

Water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity

A plant growth system for crop production under microgravity is part of a life supporting system designed for long-duration space missions. A plant growth in soil in space requires the understanding of water movement in soil void spaces under microgravity. Under 1G-force condition, on earth, water movement in porous media is driven by gradients of matric and gravitational potentials. Under microgravity condition, water movement in porous media is supposed to be driven only by a matric potential gradient, but it is still not well understood. We hypothesized that under microgravity water in void spaces of porous media hardly moved comparing in void spaces without obstacles because the concave surfaces of the porous media hindered water movement. The objective of this study was to investigate water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity. We conducted parabolic flight experiments that provided 20–25?s of microgravity at the top of a parabolic flight. We observed water movement in void spaces in soil-like porous media made by glass beads and glass spheres (round-bottomed glass flasks) in the different conditions of water injection under microgravity. Without water injection, water did not move much in neither glass beads nor glass spheres. When water was injected during microgravity, water accumulated in contacts between the particles, and the water made thick fluid films on the particles surface. When the water injection was stopped under microgravity, water was held in the contacts between the particles. This study showed that water did not move upward in the void spaces with or without the water injection. In addition, our results suggested that the difficulty of water movement on the convex (i.e. particle surfaces) might result in slower water move in porous media under microgravity than at 1G-force.     

基于遗传算法优化的人工神经网络下高速滚动轴承的疲劳可靠性

考虑到高速滚动轴承中热弹流润滑效应的影响,提出一种人工智能方法进行航空轴承疲劳可靠性分析。通过带交叉项的二次多项式近似拟合温度场效应,并将热应力映射到滚动轴承赫兹接触区内,完成热弹流润滑效应下航空轴承接触应力分析模型的建立,同时考虑热弹流润滑效应、材料属性以及疲劳强度修正系数的随机性,运用人工神经网络法完成热弹流润滑效应下航空滚动轴承疲劳可靠性分析。采用遗传算法完成最小可靠性指标寻优和惩罚函数最佳设计点。基于改进的一次二阶矩法完成可靠性灵敏度分析。数值算例表明,所建立的可靠性分析模型能正确反映热弹流润滑效应对航空轴承接触疲劳的影响。与传统的Monte Carlo法相比,两种计算结果的失效概率之差为2.0×10-4,相对误差为23.8%,而所提方法耗时只有蒙特卡洛方法的0.15%,具有良好的全局搜索能力和高效的计算性能。