Conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system containing crops and silkworms

This article summarizes a conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system for permanent lunar base or planetary exploration. The system consists of seven compartments – higher plants cultivation, animal rearing, human habitation, water recovery, waste treatment, atmosphere management, and storages. Fifteen kinds of crops, such as wheat, rice, soybean, lettuce, and mulberry, were selected as main life support contributors to provide the crew with air, water, and vegetable food. Silkworms fed by crop leaves were designated to produce partial animal nutrition for the crew. Various physical-chemical and biological methods were combined to reclaim wastewater and solid waste. Condensate collected from atmosphere was recycled into potable water through granular activated carbon adsorption, iodine sterilization, and trace element supplementation. All grey water was also purified though multifiltration and ultraviolet sterilization. Plant residue, human excrement, silkworm feces, etc. were decomposed into inorganic substances which were finally absorbed by higher plants. Some meat, ingredients, as well as nitrogen fertilizer were prestored and resupplied periodically. Meanwhile, the same amount and chemical composition of organic waste was dumped to maintain the steady state of the system. A nutritional balanced diet was developed by means of the linear programming method. It could provide 2721 kcal of energy, 375.5 g of carbohydrate, 99.47 g of protein, and 91.19 g of fat per capita per day. Silkworm powder covered 12.54% of total animal protein intakes. The balance of material flows between compartments was described by the system of stoichiometric equations. Basic life support requirements for crews including oxygen, food, potable and hygiene water summed up to 29.68 kg per capita per day. The coefficient of system material closure reached 99.40%.     

航空发动机材料寿命问题探讨

归纳了航空发动机材料的变形损伤机理,强调了变形物理机制模型在部件设计和全寿命预测管理方面的应用     

Assessing the feasibility of involving gaseous products resulting from physicochemical oxidation of human liquid and solid wastes in the cycling of a bio-technical life support system

The study addresses the possible ways of involving gaseous products produced by “wet” incineration of human wastes mixed with H₂O₂ in an alternating electric field in the cycling of the physical model of a bio-technical life support system (BTLSS). The resulting gas mixture contains CO₂ and O₂, which are easily involved in the cycling in the closed ecosystem, and NH₃, which is unacceptable in the atmosphere of the BTLSS. NH₃ fixation has been proposed, which is followed by nitrification and involvement of the resulting products in the mass exchange of the closed system. Experiments have been performed to show that plants can be grown in the atmosphere resulting from the closing of the gas loop that includes a physicochemical installation and a growth chamber with plants representing the phototrophic compartment of the BTLSS. The results of the study suggest the conclusion that the proposed method of organic waste oxidation can be a useful tool in creating a physical model of a closed-loop integrated BTLSS.     

Increased BLSS closure using mineralized human waste in plant cultivation on a neutral substrate

The purpose of this work was to study the full-scale potential use of human mineralized waste (feces and urine) as a source of mineral elements for plant cultivation in a biological life support system (BLSS). Plants that are potential candidates for a photosynthesizing link were grown on a neutral solution containing human mineralized waste. Spring wheat Triticum aestivum L., peas Pisum sativum L. Ambrosia cultivar and leaf lettuce Lactuca sativa L., Vitaminny variety, were used. The plants were grown hydroponically on expanded clay aggregates in a vegetation chamber in constant environmental conditions. During plant growth, a determined amount of human mineralized waste was added daily to the nutrient solution. The nutrient solution remained unchanged throughout the vegetation period. Estimated plant requirements for macro-elements were based on a total biological productivity of 0.04 kg day⁻¹ m⁻². As the plant requirements for potassium exceeded the potassium content of human waste, a water extract of wheat straw containing the required amount of potassium was added to the nutrient solution. The Knop’s solution was used in the control experiments.     

人生与价值:中国现代惟科学主义文化哲学的迷失

科学进入中国人的深层生活后,中国现代知识界对于科学渐渐形成了两种对立的观念,即所称的“科学派”与“玄学派”,两派的论战已是学术史上的公案,其对阵的实质可能主要在于两派关于科学的社会批判价值的异趣。惟科学主义要求政治、经济、法律、道德、生活等社会各个方面都要经过科学的批判或改造,从而在“科学的大字标题”下建立一种新文化,然而,惟科学主义却在这种努力与论战中消失了踪影。     

固体推进剂使用寿命快速预测探索研究

研究了活化能法快速预测推进剂使用寿命，结果表明，点斜法与常规加速老化方法结果基本一致，两点法（７０℃、５０℃）预测结果最接近。提出用动态法求活化能用于点斜法进行快速寿命预测。     

小方坯结晶器内腔形状局部改进及寿命试验研究

对 14 0mm× 14 0mm方坯结晶器的内腔局部进行了改进设计 ,采用了抛物线锥度及曲面结构 ,对安装方式采取定位密封措施。试验结果表明 :新型结晶器的拉速得到了提高 ;拉坯阻力较原结晶器略有下降 ;结晶器的散热能力得到了大幅度加强 ;通过坯壳的测量数据表明结晶器的拉坯质量得到了提高     

CONSTANT AMPLITUDE FATIGUE STRENGTH AND P-S_a-S_m-N CAMBER FAMILY

ＣＯＮＳＴＡＮＴＡＭＰＬＩＴＵＤＥＦＡＴＩＧＵＥＳＴＲＥＮＧＴＨＡＮＤＰ－Ｓ_ａ－Ｓ_ｍ－ＮＣＡＭＢＥＲＦＡＭＩＬＹＮｉＫａｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＮａｖａｌＡｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＯｃｅａｎＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＪｉａｏＴ...     

层合板螺栓连接结构疲劳寿命预测

为了准确预测复合材料连接结构损伤的产生和扩展,基于单向板疲劳性能预测层合板螺栓连接结构疲劳寿命。用T300/BMP-316单向板试验数据对正则化疲劳寿命与剩余强度的参数进行拟合;在复合材料基体主控失效判据基础上增加纤维失效和分层失效判据,改进基于断裂韧性的失效准则判定损伤的产生和扩展;采用二级载荷疲劳寿命等效实现损伤的非线性累积,再对相应的损伤进行材料性能退化。预测结果与试验对比表明:对不同几何参数层合板连接结构的对数寿命预测与试验误差在5%以内,对不同应力水平下层合板连接结构的对数寿命预测与试验误差在10%以内,最终破坏模式及损伤区域的预测与试验结果吻合良好。     

航天产品非金属材料/ 制品贮存寿命评估技术

从非金属材料老化机理与寿命预测模型、老化行为表征技术、贮存环境试验与寿命评估技术等方面,概述了国内外的技术发展和现状,介绍了航天产品用非金属材料及制品贮存寿命评估技术的发展及其应用进展。