波面激光干涉仪在超精密加工中的应用

介绍了超精密加工的发展趋势和技术特点,介绍了波面激光干涉仪的测量原理及使用技巧,重点阐述了如何在超精密加工的多个环节,如工件检测、精密对刀、误差补偿中发挥波面激光干涉仪的作用。     

Subsonic impulsively starting flow at a high angle of attack with shock wave and vortex interaction

Impulsively starting flow, by a sudden attainment of a large angle of attack, has been well studied for incompressible and supersonic flows, but less studied for subsonic flow. Recently, a preliminary numerical study for subsonic starting flow at a high angle of attack displays an advance of stall around a Mach number of 0.5, when compared to other Mach numbers. To see what happens in this special case, we conduct here in this paper a further study for this case, to display and analyze the full flow structures. We find that for a Mach number around 0.5, a local supersonic flow region repeatedly splits and merges, and a pair of left-going and right-going unsteady shock waves are embedded inside the leading edge vortex once it is sufficiently grown up and detached from the leading edge. The flow evolution during the formation of shock waves is displayed in detail. The reason for the formation of these shock waves is explained here using the Laval nozzle flow theory. The existence of this shock pair inside the vortex, for a Mach number only close to 0.5, may help the growing of the trailing edge vortex responsible for the advance of stall observed previously.     

Scaling of interaction lengths for hypersonic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

The interaction length induced by Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions (SWTBLIs) in the hypersonic flow was investigated using a scaling analysis, in which the interaction length normalized by the displacement thickness of boundary layer was correlated with a corrected non-dimensional separation criterion across the interaction after accounting for the wall temperature effects. A large number of hypersonic SWTBLIs were compiled to examine the scaling analysis over a wide range of Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and wall temperatures. The results indicate that the hypersonic SWTBLIs with low Reynolds numbers collapse on the supersonic SWTBLIs, while the hypersonic cases with high Reynolds numbers show a more rapid growth of the interaction length than that with low Reynolds numbers. Thus, two scaling relationships are identified according to different Reynolds numbers for the hypersonic SWTBLIs. The scaling analysis provides valuable guidelines for engineering prediction of the interaction length, and thus, enriches the knowledge of hypersonic SWTBLIs.     

非均匀来流下三维激波反问题的微元密切轴对称解法

传统的密切轴对称理论被广泛应用于均匀来流下的三维密切曲面激波反设计，为解决非均匀来流条件下的三维曲面激波反问题，提出了一种微元密切轴对称流场（MOA）求解方法。该方法沿激波面的周向和流向构建一系列微元密切面，在每个微元面内进行三维向二维流动的等效转换，从而突破了传统密切方法中不能有横向波后流动的限制。利用该方法编写设计程序，分别基于带攻角来流条件和外锥型流来流条件重构了标准内锥曲面激波，并与数值仿真结果进行了比较。结果表明，非均匀来流下激波曲面的三维形状均与预设形状完全一致，实现了非均匀来流下曲面激波形状可控。MOA方法在吸气式高超声速推进领域中前体/进气道一体化设计方面有重要应用前景。     

Design method with controllable velocity direction at throat for inward-turning inlets

In the design of a hypersonic inward-turning inlet by applying the traditional basic flowfield, a reflected shock-wave is formed in the isolator due to the continuous reflection of the cowlreflected shock wave in the basic flow-field, which interacts with the boundary layer to produce a considerable influence on the performance of the inlet. Here, a basic flow-field design method that can control the velocity direction at the throat section is developed, and numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. The method presented in this paper can achieve the absorption of the reflected waves at the shoulder of the basic flow-field by adjusting the variation law of the center radius in the basic flow-field, and a smooth transition between the compression surface and the isolator can also be produced. The Mach number and total pressure recovery coefficient of the inlet designed according to this method are 3.00 and 0.657, respectively, at design point(the incoming flow Mach number Ma1= 6.0). The results show that with this method, the inlet can efficiently weaken both the reflection of the shock wave and the interaction between the boundary layer and the reflected shock waves, which improves the aerodynamic performance of the inlet.     

Multiphysics simulation method of Lamb wavepropagation with piezoelectric transducers under load condition

Lamb Wave(LW) simulation under time-varying conditions is an effective and low cost way to study the problem of the low reliability of the structural health monitoring methods based on the LW and Piezoelectric Transducer(PT). In this paper, a multiphysics simulation method of the LW propagation with the PTs under load condition is proposed. With this method, two key mechanisms of the load influence on the LW propagation are considered and coupled with each other. The first mechanism is the acoustoelastic effect which is the main reason of the LW velocity change. The second key mechanism is the load influence on piezoelectric materials, which results in a change of the amplitude. Based on the computational platform of the COMSOL Multiphysics, a multiphysics simulation model of the LW propagation with the PTs under load condition is established. The simulation model includes two physical phenomena. The first one is called solid mechanics, which is used to simulate the acoustoelastic effect being combined with the hyperelastic material properties of the structure in which the LW propagates. The second one is called electromechanical coupling, which considers the simulation of the piezoelectric effect of the PTs for the LW excitation and sensing. To simulate the load influence on piezoelectric materials, a non-linear numerical model of the relationship between the load and the piezoelectric coefficient d31 is established based on an experiment of the load influence on the LW. The simulation results under uniaxial tensile load condition are obtained and are compared with the data obtained from the experiment. It shows that the variations of the phase velocity and amplitude of the LW obtained from the simulation model match the experimental results well.     

Shock/shock interactions between bodies and wings

This paper examines the Shock/Shock Interactions (SSI) between the body and wing of aircraft in supersonic flows. The body is simplified to a flat wedge and the wing is assumed to be a sharp wing. The theoretical spatial dimension reduction method, which transforms the 3D problem into a 2D one, is used to analyze the SSI between the body and wing. The temperature and pressure behind the Mach stem induced by the wing and body are obtained, and the wave configurations in the corner are determined. Numerical validations are conducted by solving the inviscid Euler equations in 3D with a Non-oscillatory and Non-free-parameters Dissipative (NND) finite difference scheme. Good agreements between the theoretical and numerical results are obtained. Additionally, the effects of the wedge angle and sweep angle on wave configurations and flow field are considered numerically and theoretically. The influences of wedge angle are significant, whereas the effects of sweep angle on wave configurations are negligible. This paper provides useful information for the design and thermal protection of aircraft in supersonic and hypersonic flows.     

斜激波串与上游激波干扰特性试验研究

为研究斜激波串在背压条件下前移与上游激波相互干扰的流场结构和运动规律，在来流为马赫数 2.7 的直管道内设计一种等宽度斜楔，采用动态压力测量、高速纹影和粒子图像测速(PIV)技术等手段进行了试验。研究结果表明：内置斜楔在管道内产生入射激波、分离激波、膨胀波、再附激波和激波诱导分离等复杂上游激波流场，在分离区附近形成有顺压梯度和逆压梯度的区域。当增大下游压比时，斜激波串逐渐向上游激波流场移动；经过斜楔产生的分离区时，斜激波串的移动速度急剧提升，同时出现非对称分离偏转方向的切换。对比了三种长度尺寸的等楔角斜楔所产生的上游激波流场的差异性，发现在相同的斜楔前缘起始点和楔角时，随着斜楔长度的增加，上游激波流场中激波诱导的分离尺度逐渐变大。     

一种基于聚类分析的二维激波模式识别算法

在激波捕捉求解器计算的可压缩无黏流场基础上，提出了一种探测并识别二维激波干扰模式的新算法，从3个层面详细介绍了该算法的实施流程。首先，采用基于当地流场参数设计的传统激波探测方法，辨识出激波附近的一系列网格单元；其次，通过经典的K-means聚类算法将这些激波单元划分成许多簇，并根据簇的相邻信息定义每个簇的类别；最后，设定相关准则对某些紧邻的簇进行合并，进而确定各个激波干扰点的位置，记录各条激波分支所对应的簇，采用Bézier曲线拟合算法分别对其聚类中心进行拟合以获取更加光滑的激波线。数值试验表明，该算法不受网格类型的限制，不仅可以保证最终拟合的激波线具有较高的位置精度，还可以清晰地识别出流场中多激波干扰的模式，同时对分析非定常流场中激波的运动与演化过程也提供了一种有效的可视化手段。     

脉冲能量沉积对超声速射流/激波相互作用掺混的控制研究

为探究超声速射流掺混增强的有效控制方法,基于二维非稳态雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了脉冲能量沉积对超声速射流与斜激波相互作用后增强掺混的控制机理和规律。宽度为5 mm的低密度平面射流同向完全膨胀射入马赫数为2.5的主流中,并与20°压缩斜面所产生的斜激波相互作用。在流场中引入脉冲能量沉积对射流掺混进行控制,并考虑射流马赫数、射流长度、能量沉积位置及激励频率对掺混效果的影响。对比激励流场与基础流场,结果表明:脉冲能量沉积的加入诱导射流形成大尺度涡结构,显著提高射流的掺混效果;能量沉积位置对于不同马赫数射流的掺混增强具有不同的控制效果;激励前后射流宽度的对比表明,脉冲能量沉积的无量纲激励频率在0.22附近时,可使得射流的掺混效果最佳。