液体火箭发动机推力室复合冷却流动与传热研究

为了预测液体火箭发动机推力室的复合冷却性能,建立了推力室再生冷却通道和超临界氢的三维仿真模型以及推力室内燃气和超临界氢膜的轴对称二维仿真模型。通过边界耦合发展了液体火箭发动机推力室复合冷却流动与传热的数值仿真方法。对航天飞机主发动机推力室内部燃气、超临界冷却膜、室壁和再生冷却剂进行了流动与传热耦合计算仿真研究。研究表明,仿真方法可较好地预测推力室燃气及再生冷却剂的流动和传热,计算得到航天飞机主发动机的燃气侧壁面最高热流密度为129MW/m2,最高壁温为885K,冷却剂温升为192K,压降为8.8MPa,结果与已有数据吻合较好。模型和仿真方法可用于液体火箭发动机推力室冷却系统传热计算和冷却结构的优化设计。     

30kN上面级液氧甲烷发动机方案

上面级是介于运载火箭与航天器之间的相对独立的一级,具备轨道转移能力,可将有效载荷精确送入预定轨道。上面级是提高火箭运载能力和提升任务适应性的有效途径,上面级发动机是实现该目标的关键。长期在轨的高性能上面级,要求主动力具备比冲高、空间可长期贮存和高可靠性等能力。针对此技术需求,对比分析了上面级发动机的系统方案;设计了采用泵压膨胀循环、双涡轮泵串联的30 kN上面级发动机系统方案;重点介绍了推力室、涡轮泵和发动机总装集成等关键组件的研究进展。研究表明:液氧甲烷推进剂非常适用于长期在轨上面级发动机;闭式膨胀循环发动机系统是长期在轨上面级动力系统方案的首选;推力室和涡轮泵等组件的研制结果,初步证明了发动机系统及组件方案的可行性;发动机总装和演示试验方案设计工作,为深入开展发动机系统技术研究打下了良好基础。     

液氧/甲烷同轴喷雾及火焰稳定的试验

介绍了液氧和气态甲烷的低温同轴喷雾燃烧试验,试验使用了光学诊断方法如阴影法和火焰分光光谱法记录了试验中的喷雾和火焰信息,讨论了不同燃烧室压力和喷注无量纲数如韦伯数(We)和气液动量流率比下的雾化和火焰稳定情况。试验结果表明,燃烧室压力对射流雾化和火焰稳定有显著影响,增加燃烧室压力有利于火焰稳定于靠近喷注器面的地方,研究中没有发现火焰吹离距离和韦伯数之间有明显的关系式。液氧射流核心长度随气液动量流率比的增大而下降。雾化质量对液氧/甲烷同轴喷雾的火焰稳定性有明显的影响。     

超临界压力下乳化煤油传热性能数值研究

为了减少煤油在冷却时的结焦析碳，研究乳化煤油在超临界压力工况下传热特性随热负荷变化的规律以及析碳的影响。在对比煤油工质的计算与试验数据的基础上，改进并验证了模型的可用性，得到各相、各参数的全场分布及壁温随热负荷变化规律；在相同工况和热负荷下，乳化油比煤油更能起到降低壁温、减少析碳的作用；含水量越大乳化煤油降低壁温效果越好，但不能进一步减少析碳量。     

Pressure distribution guided supercritical wing optimization

Pressure distribution is important information for engineers during an aerodynamic design process. Pressure Distribution Oriented (PDO) optimization design has been proposed to introduce pressure distribution manipulation into traditional performance dominated optimization. In previous PDO approaches, constraints or manual manipulation have been used to obtain a desirable pressure distribution. In the present paper, a new Pressure Distribution Guided (PDG) method is developed to enable better pressure distribution manipulation while maintaining optimization efficiency. Based on the RBF-Assisted Differential Evolution (RADE) algorithm, a surrogate model is built for target pressure distribution features. By introducing individuals suggested by sub-optimization on the surrogate model into the population, the direction of optimal searching can be guided. Pressure distribution expectation and aerodynamic performance improvement can be achieved at the same time. The improvements of the PDG method are illustrated by comparing its design results and efficiency on airfoil optimization test cases with those obtained using other methods. Then the PDG method is applied on a dual-aisle airplane’s inner-board wing design. A total drag reduction of 8 drag counts is achieved.     

蓝箭航天液氧甲烷发动机研制进展

探讨了国内外商业航天运载火箭及其发动机的发展情况,研究比较了液氧甲烷、液氧煤油和液氧液氢等推进剂组合,提出液氧甲烷是商业航天、未来可重复使用液体火箭发动机的发展方向和最佳选择。分析了液体火箭发动机推力选择的原则,确定了蓝箭航天液氧甲烷发动机的推力为80 t和8 t。比较了燃气发生器循环、补燃循环及膨胀循环等动力循环方式,选择了燃气发生器循环的技术方案。介绍了蓝箭航天两型液氧甲烷发动机的总体方案、性能指标、技术创新点、用途和研制情况。     

Numerical study of a supercritical airfoil/wing with variable-camber technology

Variable-camber technology is considered an effective way to adaptively improve the aerodynamic performance of aircraft under various flight conditions. This paper studies the aerodynamic characteristics of the trailing-edge variable-camber technology by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a drag decomposition method. Trailing-edge variable-camber technology can be simply realized by the continuous deflection of the flaps and ailerons of a wing. A supercritical airfoil is used to study the two-dimensional effect of variable-camber technology, and a wide-body airplane model is used to validate the three-dimensional improvement in the wing's airfoil made by variable-camber technology. An optimization strategy for airfoil that incorporates variable-camber technology is proposed. The optimization results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain better results than the traditional segregated shape optimization.     

甲烷水蒸气重整强化管内换热的数值模拟

以圆管内壁催化剂薄层内发生甲烷水蒸气重整反应为研究对象,对层流条件下反应及换热进行了数值模拟,分析了催化剂活性、薄层厚度、入口气体流量、入口压力、入口温度以及反应物组分比对反应和换热的影响.结果表明:催化剂薄层内的吸热反应可以有效地增强换热,降低壁面温度;提高催化剂活性和增加薄层厚度,可以增加化学反应吸热量,降低壁面温...     

超临界压力下航空煤油传热特性

为了弄清航空煤油在超临界压力下的传热情况,进行了超临界压力下航空煤油传热实验研究。由实验结果绘出了超临界压力下煤油传热曲线图。实验结果表明:煤油在超临界压力下传热情况从低温到高温依次历经四个过程:(1)正常传热段,这一段内实验管内壁温和煤油温度都低于临界温度;(2)传热强化段,这一段内管内壁温度达到拟临界温度,发生拟沸腾强化传热;(3)传热恶化段,这一段内煤油温度处于临界温度附近比热和导热系数都迅速达到极大值之后的缓慢减小区段;(4)第二次传热强化段,这一段是经过传热恶化后,随着温度的进一步升高,比热和导热系数又缓慢升高,出现第二次传热强化。     

Frictional resistance of supercritical pressure RP-3 flowing in a vertically downward tube at constant heat fluxes

Based on the demands of compact heat exchangers and micro cooling channels applied for aviation thermal protection, the flow resistance characteristics of aviation kerosene RP-3 were experimentally studied in a vertically downward circular miniature tube with an inner diameter of 1.86 mm at supercritical pressures and constant heat fluxes. A long and short tube method was used to accurately calculate the frictional pressure drop, and experimental conditions are supercritical pressures of 4 MPa, mass flow rates of 2–4 g/s (i.e., mass fluxes of 736–1472 kg/(m²?s)), heat fluxes of 100–500 kW/m², and inlet temperatures of 373–673 K. Results show that the sharp variations of thermophysical properties, especially density, have significant influences on frictional resistances. Generally, the frictional pressure drop and the friction factor increase with increasing inlet temperatures, and this trend speeds up in the relatively high-temperature region. However, the friction factor has a sudden decline when the fuel outlet temperature exceeds the pseudo-critical temperature. The frictional pressure drop and the friction factor basically remain unchanged with increasing heat flux when the inlet temperature is relatively low, but increase quickly when the inlet temperature is relatively high. Besides, a larger mass flux yields a higher pressure drop but does not necessarily yield a higher friction factor. Finally, an empirical friction factor correlation is proposed and shows better predictive performance than those of previous models.