Ionization effect of solar protons in the Earth atmosphere – Case study of the 20 January 2005 SEP event

The cosmic ray ground level enhancement on January 20, 2005 is among the largest recorded events in the history of cosmic ray measurements. The solar protons of MeV energies cause an excess of ionization in the atmosphere, specifically over polar caps following major solar disturbances. The ionization effect in the Earth atmosphere is obtained for various latitudes on the basis of solar proton energy spectra, reconstructed from GOES 11 measurements and subsequent full Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic ray induced atmospheric cascade. The estimation of ionization rates is based on a numerical model for cosmic ray induced ionization. The evolution of atmospheric cascade is performed with the CORSIKA 6.52 code using FLUKA 2006b and QGSJET II hadron interaction models. The atmospheric ion rate ionization is explicitly obtained for 40°N, 60°N and 80°N latitudes. The time evolution of obtained ion rates is presented. It is demonstrated that ionization effect is negative for 40°N and small for 60°N, because of accompanying Forbush decrease. The ionization effect is significant only in sub-polar and polar atmosphere during the major ground level enhancement of 20 January 2005.     

直升机主桨叶的鸟撞有限元数值模拟

以某型直升机主桨叶为例,使用瞬态动力学分析软件(MSC.Dytran),采用先进的任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)流固耦合算法,进行鸟撞过程的数值模拟.模拟结果表明:撞击过程中的最大应力达到199MPa,没有超出桨叶材料的屈服极限.研究结果为桨叶的抗鸟撞损伤设计提供了参考.      

地面模拟静止微重力环境中导线先期着火特性研究

针对在微重力环境中运行的载人航天飞行器上的电缆和导线在工作时由于电流过载导致温度升高而引起着火的情况,提出了"功能模拟"实验原理,并且利用地面实验设备对微重力环境下导线的着火前期特性进行了功能模拟实验研究.通过实验,得到了在微重力情况下由于浮升力的减小使自然对流减弱导致电流过载时导线的热平衡温度高于地面正常重力情况,从而证明了这正是引起航天飞行器着火的潜在点火源.      

空间站对日定向装置半物理试验台关键技术

为有效模拟空间站对日定向装置驱动性能受柔性太阳翼的扰动，验证对日定向装置驱动控制性能，采用半物理试验技术对对日定向装置进行地面试验考核。设计超高刚度及运动误差无附加力自适应的半物理试验台，对支撑连接机构和加载单元进行有限元分析与刚度测试；建立大尺度柔性太阳翼的动力学模型，并采用Wilson θ法进行动力学模型的实时数值求解；运用跟踪微分法对对日定向装置低速运行下的角速度和角加速度进行估计；最后通过对半物理试验台的响应精度、加载有效性进行仿真和试验考核，结果表明试验台加载力矩幅值为 0~ 85 Nm、频率为0.01~3 Hz时，绝对精度优于0.85 Nm，相对精度优于1%，从而验证了半物理试验台对太阳翼扰动载荷模拟的真实有效性，可实现对日定向装置的性能测试。     

空间交会对接的仿真技术

空间交会对接涉及到两个航天器同时要进行多达12个自由度的轨道和姿态控制问题。这不仅在理论上,而且在技术实现上都是相当复杂的。为了确保交会对接的成功并尽量缩短交会对接的时间,必须用实际硬件和星上软件进行整个RVD控制系统的仿真试验。本文主要论述对交会对接仿真技术的要求,仿真方法和关键仿真设备。     

对巡航导弹撞地有关因素的仿真研究

研究了巡航导弹低空地形跟踪飞行的撞地概率问题，针对地形随机输入和低空风随机干扰共同作用的情况，研究了撞地概率的仿真计算方法，在给定条件下求出了它们与撞地概率的关系曲线，分析了它们对撞地概率的影响，从中可以看出，协调参数，能有效降低撞地概率，提高巡航导弹的作战效能。     

分子动力学及热分析方法研究CL-20与推进剂主要组分的相互作用

采用分子动力学模拟(MD)计算与差示扫描量热法(DSC)相结合,研究六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)与推进剂主要组分间的相互作用,用理论键长变化趋势分析实验结果。分子动力学模拟计算键长变化趋势结果表明,CL-20与黑索今(RDX)、奥克托今(HMX)混合体系的引发键N—NO2键最大键长Lmax随温度升高显著的单调递增,且当CL-20与RDX、HMX共混后,键长普遍增大,更容易断裂分解;而CL-20与硝化棉(NC)、硝化甘油(NG)共混后各个键长均与单质状态下存在时的键长相比变化不大,一些键长均小于其单质状态下存在时的键长,推测CL-20与NG、NC键混合后稳定性较好,不易发生键的断裂分解。DSC结果表明,CL-20与RDX和HMX之间在大于156℃的较高温度条件下存在强烈的相互作用,CL-20与NG、NC之间没有明显的化学作用。     

Simulation of depth–dose distributions for various ions in polyethylene medium

Study of depth–dose distributions for intermediate energy ion beams in tissue-like media such as polyethylene (CH₂)_n provides a good platform for further improvements in the fields of hadrontherapy and space radiation shielding. The depth–dose distributions for ¹²C ions at various energies and for light and intermediate ion beams (³He, ¹⁶O, ²⁰Ne and ²⁸Si) as well as for heavy ions ⁵⁶Fe in polyethylene were estimated by using simulation toolkit: Geant4. Calculations were performed mainly by considering two different combinations of standard electromagnetic (EM), binary cascade (BIC), statistical multifragmentation (SMF) and Fermi breakup (FB) models. The energies of the ion beams were selected to achieve the Bragg peaks at predefined position (∼60 mm) and as per their availability. Variations of peak-to-entrance ratio (from 7.44 ± 0.05 to 8.87 ± 0.05), entrance dose (from 2.89 ± 0.01 to 203.71 ± 0.63 MeV/mm) and entrance stopping power (from 3.608 to 208.858 MeV/mm, calculated by SRIM) with atomic number (Z) were presented in a systematic manner. The better peak-to-entrance ratio and less entrance dose in the region Z = 2 to 8 (i.e. ³He to ¹⁶O) may provide the suitability of the ion beams for hadrontherapy.     

How Galactic Cosmic Ray models affect the estimation of radiation exposure in space

The radiation environment in space is a major concern for human spaceflight because of the adverse effects of high levels of radiation on astronauts’ health. Therefore, it is essential to perform radiation risk assessments already during the concept studies of a manned mission. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) have been identified to be one of the primary sources of radiation exposure in space.     

The influence of in situ pitch-angle cosine coverage on the derivation of solar energetic particle injection and interplanetary transport conditions

Modelization of solar energetic particle (SEP) events aims at revealing the general scenario of SEP injection and interplanetary propagation and relies on in situ measurements of SEP distributions. In this paper, we study to what extent the LEFS60 and LEMS30 electron telescopes of the Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (EPAM) on board the Advanced Composition Explorer are able to scan pitch-angle distributions during near-relativistic electron events. We estimate the percentage of the pitch-angle cosine range scanned by both telescopes for a given magnetic field configuration. We obtain that the pitch-angle coverage is always higher for LEFS60 than for LEMS30. Therefore, LEFS60 provides more information of the directional distribution of the observed particles. The aim of the paper is to study the relevance of the coverage when fitting LEFS60 particle measurements in order to infer the solar injection and the interplanetary transport conditions. By studying synthetic electron events, we obtain that at least 70% of the pitch-angle cosine range needs to be scanned by the telescope. Otherwise, multiple scenarios can explain the data.