A roadmap towards a space-based radio telescope for ultra-low frequency radio astronomy

The past two decades have witnessed a renewed interest in low frequency radio astronomy, with a particular focus on frequencies above 30 MHz e.g., LOFAR (LOw Frequency ARray) in the Netherlands and its European extension ILT, the International LOFAR Telescope. However, at frequencies below 30 MHz, Earth-based observations are limited due to a combination of severe ionospheric distortions, almost full reflection of radio waves below 10 MHz, solar eruptions and the radio frequency interference (RFI) of human-made signals. Moreover, there are interesting scientific processes which naturally occur at these low frequencies. A space or Lunar-based ultra-low-frequency (also referred to as ultra-long-wavelength, ULW) radio array would suffer significantly less from these limitations and hence would open up the last, virtually unexplored frequency domain in the electromagnetic spectrum.A roadmap has been initiated by astronomers and researchers in the Netherlands to explore the opportunity of building a swarm of satellites to observe at the frequency band below 30 MHz. This roadmap dubbed Orbiting Low Frequency Antennas for Radio Astronomy (OLFAR), a space-based ultra-low frequency radio telescope that will explore the Universe’s so-called dark ages, map the interstellar medium, and study planetary and solar bursts in the solar system and search them in other planetary systems. Such a radio astronomy system will comprise of a swarm of hundreds to thousands of satellites, working together as a single aperture synthesis instrument deployed sufficiently far away from Earth to avoid terrestrial RFI. The OLFAR telescope is a novel and complex system, requiring yet to be proven engineering solutions. Therefore, a number of key technologies are still required to be developed and proven. The first step in this roadmap is the NCLE (Netherlands China Low Frequency Explorer) experiment, which was launched in May 2018 on the Chinese Chang’e 4 mission. The NCLE payload consists of a three monopole antenna system for low frequency observations, from which the first data stream is expected in the second half of 2019, which will provide important feedback for future science and technology opportunities.In this paper, the roadmap towards OLFAR, a brief overview of the science opportunities, and the technological and programmatic challenges of the mission are presented.     

主轴失准条件下的半球谐振陀螺电刚度补偿方法

半球谐振陀螺是一种基于哥氏效应的固体波动陀螺，具有高精度、长寿命、高可靠性的优势。频差直接影响着陀螺仪表的测量精度。针对存在主轴失准角的情况，文章建立了包含主轴失准角在内的完整电刚度补偿动力学模型，并给出了不同失准角度下谐振子电刚度补偿方案以及仿真结果，仿真结果表明，利用多电极组合补偿的方法能够实现主轴失准条件下的残余频差的完全抑制，为谐振子频差的电刚度补偿方法提供了借鉴。     

Wake structure and similar behavior of wake profiles downstream of a plunging airfoil

Very limited attention has already been paid to the velocity behavior in the wake region in unsteady aerodynamic problems.A series of tests has been performed on a flapping airfoil in a subsonic wind tunnel to study the wake structure for different sets of mean angle of attack,plunging amplitude and reduced frequency.In this study,the velocity profiles in the wake for various oscillation parameters have been measured using a wide shoulder rake,especially designed for the present experiments.The airfoil under consideration was a critical section of a 660 kW wind turbine.The results show that for a flapping airfoil the wake structure can be of drag producing type,thrust producing or neutral,depending on the mean angle of attack,oscillation amplitude and reduced frequency.In a thrust producing wake,a high-momentum high-velocity jet flow is formed in the core region of the wake instead of the conventional low-momentum flow.As a result,the drag force normally experienced by the body due to the momentum deficit would be replaced by a thrust force.According to the results,the momentum loss in the wake decreases as the reduced frequency increases.The thrust producing wake pattern for the flapping airfoil has been observed for suffi ciently low angles of attack in the absence of the viscous effects.This phenomenon has also been observed for either high oscillation amplitudes or high reduced frequencies.According to the results,for different reduced frequencies and plunging amplitudes,such that the product of them be a constant,the velocity profiles exhibit similar behavior and coalesce on each other.This simi larity parameter works excellently at small angles of attack.However,at near stall boundaries,the similarity is not as evident as before.     

微波幅相接收机的低中频正交优化结构

为解决微波毫米波幅相接收机的频率偏移超过中频带宽的问题,提出了一种低中频正交接收机结合双边带抑载的优化结构.利用频率误差对消的方法,获得了稳定的低中频信号,不包含微波本振源的频率偏移且保持了2路输入信号之间的相位关系.它的2路中频通道不对称,其中一路用一个晶体振荡器产生的正弦波预调制,对消过程用模拟乘法器和正交解调器在第1中频实现.与频率误差跟踪不同,它避免了锁相环引入的寄生调制和复杂性.分析了其性能,包括I/Q幅相不平衡的误差和校正.概述了一个实际的基于此结构的微波接收机,该接收机的特点是电路结构简单、成本低和小型化,性能测试结果和实际应用表明其具有较高的灵敏度和精度.     

基于训练序列的时域OFDM载波同步算法

在研究单次频偏累积相偏估计的基础上,详细分析了2次独立的频偏累积相偏估计带来的频偏捕获范围的提高.并在此基础上提出一种基于训练序列的载波同步算法.这种算法利用时域2次独立的不同分辨力的相偏估计,解决了单次估计可能存在的相位模糊问题,从而实现了大频偏载波同步.通过理论分析给出了这种算法的性能,并通过仿真进行了验证.由于完全在时域进行估计,和其他大频偏载波同步算法相比,这种算法计算量小,且实现简单.     

自动化输送系统网络数字化视频监控解决方案

提出一套基于EC5—1612CVDNA的自动化输送系统网络数字化视频监控解决方案。     

Semi-empirical model of the maximum electron concentration in the ionosphere: Comparison with data from Toluca (México)

A simple semi-empirical model to determine the maximum electron concentration in the ionosphere (_NmF2$N_m{F}_2$) for South American locations is used to calculate _NmF2$N_m{F}_2$ for a northern hemisphere station in the same longitude sector. _NmF2$N_m{F}_2$ is determined as the sum of two terms, one related to photochemical and diffusive processes and the other one to transport mechanisms. The model gives diurnal variations of _NmF2$N_m{F}_2$ representative for winter, summer and equinox conditions, during intervals of high and low solar activity. Model _NmF2$N_m{F}_2$ results are compared with ionosonde observations made at Toluca-México (19.3°N; 260°E). Differences between model results and observations are similar to those corresponding to comparisons with South American observations. It seems that further improvement of the model could be made by refining the latitude dependencies of coefficients used for the transport term.     

Morphology of the G condition occurrence over Irkutsk

Using Irkutsk digisonde data obtained in 2003–2011, a morphological analysis of the G condition occurrence has been made. The G condition was found to occur during daylight hours in summer; in winter, it is extremely rare, and its appearance is associated with intense magnetic storms. In the years of moderate solar activity, the G condition is most frequently registered at Kp ? 4, in the forenoon. During low solar activity, it can be observed under quiet geomagnetic conditions; in most cases, local time of its appearance shifts to afternoon hours. The highest percentage of the G condition occurrence (7.7–6.4%) was recorded in June and July 2008 when the levels of solar and geomagnetic activity were abnormally low.     

环形柔性结构四点悬吊设计方法及试验研究

提出环形柔性结构的四点悬吊设计方法,并进行了模态试验研究.在环形结构地面试验前,设计悬吊装置的三维模型进行力学分析,先建立静平衡方程,增加变形协调条件,求解多个悬吊电机的输入电压和输出安培力.再应用有限元分析,计算结构的固有频率和静态变形.最后,制作缩比模型的四点悬吊装置并进行振动测试.悬吊试验结果表明:悬吊电机对应的...     

负载对超声加工声学系统特性的影响

以一维超声振动系统为研究对象,以点、线、面三种不同的加载方式对工件进行加载,研究了负载对超声加工声学系统特性的影响。实验表明,当以点、线的加载方式对工件进行加载时,载荷的变化对声学系统特性各参数的影响不大;而当加载方式为面接触时,机械品质因数Qm、谐振频率fs和动态电阻R随着载荷F的增大有明显的增大趋势,动态电容C和最大电导Gmax却随着载荷F的增大而减小。