On the origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays

The origin of cosmic rays with energy E ? 10¹⁸ eV is a long-standing problem in astrophysics. The development of ever larger detectors has brought in key experimental results in the past decade, most particularly the detection of a cut-off at the expected position for the long sought Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin suppression as well as evidence for large scale anisotropies. This paper summarizes and discusses the recent achievements in this field.     

环境减灾-1A、1B卫星光学载荷在轨运行情况分析

环境减灾-1A、1B卫星于2008年9月6日发射升空,至2013年7月20日,2颗卫星的4台宽覆盖多光谱CCD相机、1台超光谱成像仪(HSI)和1台红外相机(IRS)已在轨稳定工作近5年,共获取超过61万景2级地面遥感图像数据。文章对在轨运行的光学载荷遥测参数进行了统计和分析,结果表明:DC/DC电压遥测变化量不超过5%,关键光机部位温度遥测变化量小于2.25℃,转动部件电压和电流遥测变化量小于1%,遥测参数均在设计范围内,显示光学载荷在轨稳定正常工作。最后,综合分析了光学载荷图像数据应用情况,分析表明:光学载荷图像数据具有较强的地物影像分类、提取和分辨能力,与国外同类卫星比较,水体识别符合度达到90%以上,旱情分级符合度大于66%,光谱分辨率达到5nm,积雪范围提取精度达到90%以上,在各类应用领域发挥了较大的效能。     

大学生党建工作机制创新探索

针对当前高校大学生党建工作面临的新情况和新问题，提出保持共产党员先进性教育的长效机制；建立灵活设置党支部的运行机制；改进新生党员的教育与管理机制；强化发展新党员的培养与考察机制；加强新生党建工作队伍保障机制，以期大学生党建工作健康有序地发展。     

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Development of reliable and robust strategies for long-term life support for planetary exploration must be built from real-time experimentation to verify and improve system components. Also critical is incorporating a range of viable options to handle potential short-term life system imbalances. This paper revisits some of the conceptual framework for a Mars base prototype which has been developed by the authors along with others previously advanced (“Mars on Earth^®”) in the light of three years of experimentation in the Laboratory Biosphere, further investigation of system alternatives and the advent of other innovative engineering and agri-ecosystem approaches. Several experiments with candidate space agriculture crops have demonstrated the higher productivity possible with elevated light levels and improved environmental controls. For example, crops of sweet potatoes exceeded original Mars base prototype projections by an average of 46% (53% for best crop) ultradwarf (Apogee) wheat by 9% (23% for best crop), pinto bean by 13% (31% for best crop). These production levels, although they may be increased with further optimization of lighting regimes, environmental parameters, crop density etc. offer evidence that a soil-based system can be as productive as the hydroponic systems which have dominated space life support scenarios and research. But soil also offers distinct advantages: the capability to be created on the Moon or Mars using in situ space resources, reduces long-term reliance on consumables and imported resources, and more readily recycling and incorporating crew and crop waste products. In addition, a living soil contains a complex microbial ecosystem which helps prevent the buildup of trace gases or compounds, and thus assist with air and water purification. The atmospheric dynamics of these crops were studied in the Laboratory Biosphere adding to the database necessary for managing the mixed stands of crops essential for supplying a nutritionally adequate diet in space. This paper explores some of the challenges of small bioregenerative life support: air-sealing and facility architecture/design, balance of short-term variations of carbon dioxide and oxygen through staggered plantings, options for additional atmospheric buffers and sinks, lighting/energy efficiency engineering, crop and waste product recycling approaches, and human factor considerations in the design and operation of a Mars base. An “Earth to Mars” project, forging the ability to live sustainably in space (as on Earth) requires continued research and testing of these components and integrated subsystems; and developing a step-by-step learning process.     

新型环氧树脂潜伏性促进剂的合成、表征及性能研究

合成了新型环氧树脂潜伏性促进剂三(乙酰乙酸十八酯)铝,采用DSC,FT-IR,H-NMR、元素分析分别对其热分解机理、化学结构、物质纯度进行了表征.研究了以环氧ZH92-21∶双酚S∶三(乙酰乙酸十八酯)铝=l00∶3∶0.5为配比的树脂体系的固化制度、潜伏性和力学性能,树脂体系的表观粘度在室温储藏7个月后基本没有变化,相分离是其具有优异潜伏性的主要原因.     

可展开式辐射器热控对航天器轨道调整的适应性分析

为提高航天器热控系统对轨道调整的适应能力，本文研究了与流体回路耦合的可展开式辐射器热控方案在不同轨道高度下的热控性能，分析了不同轨道高度时辐射器面临的热环境的影响，在不同轨道高度下比较了固定辐射器与可展开辐射器的热控特性。结果表明，随着辐射器展开角度的变化，辐射器吸收的空间热流随之发生变化，从而对热控系统的散热能力带来直接影响，调节辐射器的角度可以扩大其对外散热能力。在工程应用中，基于热控流体回路，通过调节可展开式辐射器的展开角度，可以有效提高航天器的轨道热适应能力。     

Solar Models with Non-Standard Chemical Composition

The OPAL monochromatic opacity tables are used to evaluate the impact of a non-standard chemical composition on solar models. A calibrated solar model with consistent diffusion including the effect of radiative forces and ionization on drift velocities is presented. It is shown that surface abundances are predicted to change slightly more than in traditional solar models where these refinements are not included. All elements included in the model settle at similar rates which is reflected in the relative variation in surface abundances ranging from 7.5% for calcium to 8.8% for argon. The structural difference between the consistent model and the traditional model is small, with a maximum effect of 0.3% for the isothermal sound speed at the base of the convection zone. The settling of CNO is only marginally affected. Opacity profiles have also been calculated with varying abundances for volatile elements, for which the abundances are poorly known, and other selected elements. It is shown that if one allows a 10% variation of these elements individually one can expect a peak Rosseland mean opacity variation of 3% for oxygen, a little less 2% for Si and Ne, and around 1% for Mg and S in the radiative zone. Other light metals and volatile elements have no significant impact on the opacity. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Crew autonomy for deep space exploration: Lessons from the Antarctic Search for Meteorites

Future piloted missions to explore asteroids, Mars, and other targets beyond the Moon will experience strict limitations on communication between vehicles in space and control centers on Earth. These limitations will require crews to operate with greater autonomy than any past space mission has demonstrated. The Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) project, which regularly sends small teams of researchers to remote parts of the southern continent, resembles a space mission in many ways but does not rely upon a control center. It provides a useful crew autonomy model for planners of future deep space exploration missions. In contrast to current space missions, ANSMET gives the crew the authority to adjust competing work priorities, task assignments, and daily schedules; allows the crew to be the primary monitor of mission progress; demands greater crew accountability for operational errors; requires the crew to make the most of limited communication bandwidth; adopts systems designed for simple operation and failure recovery; and grants the crew a leading role in the selection and stowage of their equipment.     

圆球绕流场的尾涡分析和升阻力研究

采用自编的分块算法程序模拟了雷诺数在20～1000之间的圆球绕流场.在Re=25时捕捉到流动分离,与试验结果一致.对Re=250时稳态非对称尾流区内流体的输运情况进行研究,证实圆球绕流场中纵向对称面的存在.对于非稳态流动,主要研究了阻力和横向力的时间变化规律,并分析了频谱特征.计算发现横向合力主要在横截面上两个很窄的区间内偏移.经过几种不同涡定义方法的优劣测试,本文采用Hunt等人介绍的Q-定义方法对非稳态绕流场的尾涡结构进行了直观描述.     

三维角联锁结构复合材料等效弹性性能有限元分析

在复合材料承载时变形协调的前提下,采用CAD软件绘制三维织物单元体几何模型,然后导入结构分析有限元软件包,对工程中常用的带衬经三维角联锁结构复合材料的弹性性能进行分析,并将0°和90°方向弹性性能预测值及实验值与取向平均法预测值进行比较。结果表明,采用的有限元方法所得预测值及实验值与取向平均法预测值之间具有很好的一致性。