Comparative study of the influence of natural convection on directional solidification of Al–3.5 wt% Ni and Al–7 wt% Si alloys

We present numerical simulations of thermosolutal convection for directional solidification of Al–3.5 wt% Ni and Al–7 wt% Si. Numerical results predict that fragmentation of dendrite arms resulting from dissolution could be favored in Al–7 wt% Si, but not in Al–3.5 wt% Ni. Corresponding experiments are in qualitative agreement with the numerical predictions. Distinguishing the two fragmentation mechanisms, namely dissolution and remelting, is critical during experiments on earth, when fluid flow is dominant.     

“Biospherics” approach for studies of natural and artificial ecosystems

The main unifying feature of natural and artificial ecosystems is their biotic turnover (cycling) of substances which is induced with energy fluxes. A new integrating scientific discipline – Biospherics – studies biotic cycles (both in experiments and in mathematical models) of different degree of closure and complexity. By its origin, Biospherics is to be connected with extensive studies of Biosphere by Russian academician Vladimir Vernadsky. He developed and used “empirical generalizations” based on innumerous observations, comparisons and reflections. His “bio-geo-chemical principles” of Biosphere and ecosystems development have more qualitative than quantitative nature. Quantitative criteria to evaluate the efficiency of natural and artificial ecosystems are to take into account energy fluxes and their use in ecosystems of different types. At least, three of them are of value for estimation of natural and artificial ecosystems’ functional activities. Energy principle of extensive development (EPED), energy principle of intensive development (EPID) and main universal (generalized) criterion (MUC). The last criterion (Principle) characterizes the specific cycling rate of limiting chemical elements in multi-organism systems, developing under external energy fluxes. Its value can be a quantitative measure of effectiveness for every ecosystem functioning, including our global Biosphere. Different examples of these (above-mentioned) integrated criteria actions are presented and analyzed in the paper.     

湿热环境对正交铺设层合剪切板自由振动及动力响应的影响

基于Reddy高阶剪切变形板理论，用双重Fourier级数展开法求得了材料物性参数受湿热环境影响的四边简支纤维增强正交铺设层合剪切板的自由振动及动力响应的解析解，并讨论了湿热环境及纤维体积含量对固有频率及动力响应的影响。     

A new stationary droplet evaporation model and its validation

The liquid droplet evaporation character is important for not only combustion chamber design process but also high-accuracy spray combustion simulation.In this paper,the suspended droplets' evaporation character was measured in a quiescent high-temperature environment by micro high-speed camera system.The gasoline and kerosene experimental results are consistent with the reference data.Methanol,common kerosene and aviation kerosene droplet evaporation characteristics,as well as their evaporation rate changing with temperature,were obtained.The evaporation rate experimental data were compared with the prediction result of Ranz-Marshall boiling temperature model (RMB),Ranz-Marshall low-temperature model (RML),drift flux model (DFM),mass analogy model (MAM),and stagnant film model (SFM).The disparity between the experimental data and the model prediction results was mainly caused by the neglect of the nat ural convection effect,which was never introduced into the droplet evaporation concept.A new droplet evaporation model with consideration of natural convection buoyancy force effect was proposed in this paper.Under the experimental conditions in this paper,the calculation results of the new droplet evaporation model were agreed with the experimental data for kerosene,methanol and other fuels,with less than 20％ relative deviations.The relative deviations between the new evaporation model predictions for kerosene and the experimental data from the references were within 10％.     

多组分液滴自然对流厚交换层蒸发模型及其检验

为发展多组分液体燃料高温蒸发模型,首先以零扩散和无限扩散概念为基础,拓展考虑自然对流的厚交换层高温蒸发模型到多组分液体燃料,提出多组分NC-TEL模型。其次,采用挂滴法对正庚烷-乙醇、正癸烷-乙醇、RP-3航空煤油-乙醇三种混合燃料的单液滴在高温静止和强迫对流条件下的蒸发特性进行实验研究。实验结果显示:混合液滴蒸发速率随温度升高而显著增大,温度越高组分构成比例对液滴蒸发率的影响越明显;本文实验条件下,对流环境对于液滴蒸发的促进作用并不明显。最后,用实验数据检验蒸发模型。模型对比结果显示:总体上,NC-TEL模型优于R-M模型,高温段预测精度平均提升了8%～35%;低温段,零扩散NC-TEL模型与实验结果吻合程度较好,而无限扩散NC-TEL模型与实验结果相比误差略大;高温段,对于正庚烷-乙醇混合燃料液滴,NC-TEL模型预测较为准确,而对于正癸烷/RP-3航空煤油-乙醇混合燃料液滴,NC-TEL模型预测值则偏低,可能的原因是微爆现象和Marangoni现象。     

航天器对流换热地面降压模拟的临界压力准则

航天器密封舱在地面模拟试验中常通过降压法抑制自然对流的影响,但降压比的选择 往往缺乏定量准则,这使得自然对流的抑制效果得不到保证。使用数值模拟方法确定临 界压力比,以几种典型航天器密封舱内的流动换热情况为例,分析了不同Gr／Re 2 数和压力比下密封舱内的流动换热情况。得到了舱内气体温度分布和对流换热系数。通 过比较空间情况和地面情况的计算结果,分析了自然对流给流动换热带来的影响,给出了判 断临界压力的准则式,并给出了临界Gr／Re 2数。结果表明：临界压力 的准则关系和密封舱的形状和内部结构无关。
     

真实蜂巢的力学分析和航天载荷结构仿生设计

自然界的真实蜂巢与工业上常用的蜂窝三明治夹层结构存在构型上的差异。对比二者的差异并分别进行三维建模。然后利用有限元分析方法,对二者因结构差异而导致的力学性能的差异进行对比分析,得到两种结构在受到轴向力和径向力时其变形和内部应力分布的区别。通过对仿真结果的分析,揭示真实蜂巢在力学性能方面所具备的独特生物学智慧,且将真实蜂巢独特的力学性能特性应用到某些航天载荷的结构设计上,取得了良好的效果。     

海洋二号卫星微波散射计自然扩展目标在轨定标

海洋二号卫星微波散射计(HY-2 Scatterometer, HY-2 SCAT)是一种旋转扫描笔形波束散射计, 能够对同一观测面元提供4次方位角和入射角的观测组合, 并通过地球物理模型反演海面风场. 为达到设计的风场反演精度, 要求其系统定标精度达到0.5dB. 利用不同区域自然扩展目标对HY-2 SCAT进行在轨外定标, 并与OSCAT散射计在同时期内的测量结果进行了对比. 定标结果显示可以消除因散射计天线指向偏差带来的方位向测量误差. 针对HY-2 SCAT方位向测量偏差进行了误差分析, 利用仿真方法以及海洋二号卫星雷达高度计同期测量数据的反演结果进行比对, 验证了误差来源.      

民用飞机RAT发电机自然结冰环境飞行试验研究

为了检验某型飞机RAT发电机在自然结冰环境下能否正常释放和供电,对该RAT发电机自然结冰试飞进行研究。首先,阐述RAT发电机进行自然结冰试飞的原因、目的以及民用航空标准对自然结冰环境的要求;其次,介绍RAT发电机自然结冰的试飞方法;最后,对试飞结果进行分析。结果表明:RAT发电机自然结冰环境条件满足适航规章要求,能够在可预期的自然结冰环境下实现手动释放功能且供电功能正常。     

西安夏季居住建筑自然通风热舒适研究

空调房间和自然通风房间的热环境特性存在诸多不同，相应的热舒适要求也存在一定差别。本文针对西安地区居住建筑热环境特征，以实际居住建筑中的人体主观感觉为研究对象，伴随客观参教测量的问卷调查手段．以模糊评价方法给出居住建筑自然通风房间热感觉的模糊评判模型。针对居住建筑空调开启特性，根据住宅自然通风与空调临界转换条件，提出能耗修正系教以便对此类建筑的能耗进行正确科学的评价。