Calibration errors in determining slant Total Electron Content (TEC) from multi-GNSS data

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is presently a powerful tool for sensing the Earth's ionosphere. For this purpose, the ionospheric measurements (IMs), which are by definition slant total electron content biased by satellite and receiver differential code biases (DCBs), need to be first extracted from GNSS data and then used as inputs for further ionospheric representations such as tomography. By using the customary phase-to-code leveling procedure, this research comparatively evaluates the calibration errors on experimental IMs obtained from three GNSS, namely the US Global Positioning System (GPS), the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the European Galileo. On the basis of ten days of dual-frequency, triple-GNSS observations collected from eight co-located ground receivers that independently form short-baselines and zero-baselines, the IMs are determined for each receiver for all tracked satellites and then for each satellite differenced for each baseline to evaluate their calibration errors. As first derived from the short-baseline analysis, the effects of calibration errors on IMs range, in total electron content units, from 1.58 to 2.16, 0.70 to 1.87, and 1.13 to 1.56 for GPS, Galileo, and BDS, respectively. Additionally, for short-baseline experiment, it is shown that the code multipath effect accounts for their main budget. Sidereal periodicity is found in single-differenced (SD) IMs for GPS and BDS geostationary satellites, and the correlation of SD IMs over two consecutive days achieves the maximum value when the time tag is around 4?min. Moreover, as byproducts of zero-baseline analysis, daily between-receiver DCBs for GPS are subject to more significant intra-day variations than those for BDS and Galileo.     

陆用定位定向系统自主导航技术

由于车载自主导航精度受作战半径影响,长航时使用需要一定的保障条件,难于实现无依托发射的问题,提出了一种定向精度不受导航时间影响、定位精度不受作战半径影响的自主导航方案。通过分析惯性旋转调制导航、惯性/里程计组合原理及误差特性,采用罗经效应原理实现了高精度长航时自主定向;通过旋转调制导航抵消惯性器件误差的影响,利用航位推算隔离载体加速度和速度对罗经效应的影响,使航向误差完全可观,提升实时估计与修正精度。在此基础上引入了地图匹配技术进行自主定位,解决陆用定位精度与行驶里程相关的问题。仿真和试验结果表明,该技术采用地图信息辅助定位定向系统进行自主导航,在较低保障要求下,能够解决定向、定位误差积累问题,具有较强的理论意义和工程实用价值。     

微秒脉冲等离子体流动控制延迟效应研究

等离子体流动控制(PFC)能有效抑制翼型附面层分离,增加升力,推迟失速,应用前景广阔。流场的延迟效应是指采用PFC进行流动控制时,激励关闭后,流动控制效果仍存在的现象。本文对新型微秒脉冲介质阻挡放电(μs-DBD)的体积力和冲击波特性进行测试,并在此基础上开展风洞实验,进行流场的延迟效应研究,测试μs-DBD的延迟时间和参数影响规律。结果表明,μs-DBD能同时产生体积力和冲击波作用,同时也能在流场中产生明显的延迟效应,延迟时间不小于1200s,远大于毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电(AC-DBD)产生的延迟时间(150s);激励电压和来流速度越大,翼型迎角越小,延迟效应越强;等离子体激励能使流场失稳分岔,并转变为更优的分岔解;延迟效应研究在节约能耗、延长激励器寿命、PFC控制律设计和风洞实验方法优化等方面有重要意义。     

基于石墨烯的量子化霍尔电阻研究综述

电阻作为重要的元器件在电气电子及其他非电领域得到了广泛应用,对其阻值进行准确溯源和量值传递至关重要。相较于实物电阻计量标准,量子化霍尔电阻标准稳定性和准确性更高。目前我国国家/国防量子化霍尔电阻计量基准是基于砷化镓-铝砷化镓异质材料制成的,其对环境温度和外磁场要求高,普通计量实验室难以复现。石墨烯材料的出现为新型量子化霍尔电阻基准/标准的研制提供了可能。本文简述了石墨烯材料的制备方法及其量子化霍尔效应,介绍了石墨烯量子化霍尔效应的国外研究现状,分析了基于石墨烯材料的量子化霍尔电阻标准在研制过程中存在的问题,旨在为我国新型量子化霍尔电阻标准的研制提供参考。     

高能电子辐照下聚合物介质深层放电实验研究

为揭示聚合物介质材料在连续能谱高能电子辐射下的深层放电规律特征,利用~(90)Sr放射源对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)材料进行了不同条件的辐照实验。对采集的大量放电数据进行统计分析发现,电子辐照累积时间、入射电子通量以及温度都会影响介质的放电风险以及放电脉冲特征。高能电子对样品持续数天的累积辐照会降低介质自发放电的阈值条件,辐照后期放电更加频繁,但放电强度会减弱。入射电子通量越低时,放电风险越小;通量越高时,放电频率越高,高强度放电事件的发生概率也越大。温度主要通过影响介质的电导率而影响其深层放电特性,温度下降时介质本征电导率降低,充电电位和放电风险增加;一旦发生放电,放电电流脉冲的平均幅度也更大。     

典型参数对盘缘封严性能综合影响机制

为了掌握典型参数对盘缘封严燃气入侵的综合影响机制,采用数值方法研究并揭示了燃气入侵形式与封严间隙涡系结构的内在联系,在此基础上设计了一种内环型盘缘封严结构。结果表明:增加转速和增加主流流量都会导致封严效率降低,但是二者的作用却是相互羁绊的;与传统孔口模型相比,内环型盘缘封严结构能够有效将回流区涡限制在封严间隙内,利用羁绊效应拓宽了高封严效率区域的工况范围,提高了盘缘封严性能。     

一种改进的虚拟永磁风力发电系统模拟平台

提出了一种包含风剪塔影效应的风力发电系统的改进型模拟方案。以背靠背三相变流器平台为基础,建立了考虑包含风剪塔影效应的虚拟永磁直驱风力发电系统的数学模型,进而搭建其控制系统；针对简化叶尖速比与转矩系数拟合的问题,提出了一种基于Kalman滤波的分段线性拟合的方法来简化拟合方程；利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建虚拟风力发电系统模拟平台,对负载变化时的模拟平台输出以及有无风剪塔影效应时风力机的机械转矩变化进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,该平台能够较好地模拟出风力机发电机组地运行特性。     

On the anthropogenic and natural injection of matter into Earth’s atmosphere

Every year, more and more objects are sent to space. The increasing number of countries with space programs, advancing commercialization, and ambitious satellite constellation projects raise concerns about space debris and the increase of mass flux into the atmosphere due to deorbiting of satellites and rocket bodies. A comparison of this anthropogenic influx to the natural influx due to meteoroids is presented giving detailed information about the mass, composition and ablation of the entering matter. Currently, anthropogenic material does make up about 2.8% compared to the annual injected mass of natural origin. For two different future scenarios considering planned and already partially installed large satellite constellations this fraction increases to nearly 13%, respectively 40%. For these cases, the anthropogenic injection of several metals prevails the injection by natural sources by far. Considering different ablation products, we find that the anthropogenic injection of aerosols into the atmosphere increases disproportionately. Today, they make up about 1% compared to the injected aerosol mass of natural origin, increasing to 30% and 94% for the two future scenarios, respectively. Considering the injection of atoms, the natural injection is dominant by far. For the two future scenarios, the anthropogenic injection is only at 5%, respectively 15% compared to the annual natural atom injection. The predicted strong increase in anthropogenic injection will make it significant in comparison to the natural injection which can have yet unknown effects on Earth’s atmosphere and the terrestrial habitat.     

Experimental study of curvature effects on jet impingement heat transfer on concave surfaces

Experimental study of the local and average heat transfer characteristics of a single round jet impinging on the concave surfaces was conducted in this work to gain in-depth knowledge of the curvature effects. The experiments were conducted by employing a piccolo tube with one sin-gle jet hole over a wide range of parameters: jet Reynolds number from 27000 to 130000, relative nozzle to surface distance from 3.3 to 30, and relative surface curvature from 0.005 to 0.030. Exper-imental results indicate that the surface curvature has opposite effects on heat transfer characteris-tics. On one hand, an increase of relative nozzle to surface distance (increasing jet diameter in fact) enhances the average heat transfer around the surface for the same curved surface. On the other hand, the average Nusselt number decreases as relative nozzle to surface distance increases for a fixed jet diameter. Finally, experimental data-based correlations of the average Nusselt number over the curved surface were obtained with consideration of surface curvature effect. This work con-tributes to a better understanding of the curvature effects on heat transfer of a round jet impinge-ment on concave surfaces, which is of high importance to the design of the aircraft anti-icing system.     

临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统综述

临近空间是航天与航空业务领域的结合部，具有重要的战略价值。高超声速飞行器是临近空间力量部署的重要载体，已逐渐进入应用部署阶段。临近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行环境和任务条件对导航系统提出了新的更高要求。在总结临近空间高超声速飞行器的导航技术研究进展的基础上，对天文导航技术的应用环境和条件进行了系统的分析和探讨，提出了5个重点研究方向，包括：星图采集效能、光学误差模型、视场观测机理、姿态更新速率、小型化模块化工程化等。研究结果可为临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统的设计提供参考。