基于失效概率的涡轮后机匣全局灵敏度分析

涡轮后机匣是航空发动机安全的关键部件,但是其具有工况复杂、不确定性因素多的缺点。为了探究输入随机变量的不确定性对涡轮后机匣结构失效概率的影响,建立参数化有限元模型进行确定性分析。考虑材料性能、几何参数及外部载荷的不确定性,对涡轮后机匣两种典型失效模式：强度失效以及刚度失效建立极限状态函数;通过构造自适应Kriging 代理模型并结合重要抽样方法评估涡轮后机匣结构失效概率,利用基于失效概率的全局灵敏度方法对涡轮后机匣结构可靠度的不确定性来源进行分析,对各输入随机变量重要性进行排序,构建一种涡轮后机匣全局灵敏度分析框架。结果表明：涡轮后机匣在两种失效模式以及系统失效模式下,发动机推力以及线性膨胀系数对结构失效概率影响最为显著,应对其重点考虑;内外机匣长度以及材料弹性模量对涡轮后机匣结构失效概率影响较小,可对其适当忽略。     

基于IRI背景场的单站电离层TEC地图重构技术

为了有效解决电离层TEC观测数据稀疏时重构问题, 引入IRI-2007作为背景场, 利用反距离加权法和克里格方法重构了电离层TEC地图, 使用交叉检验方法检验了引入背景场前后的重构精度. 结果表明, 引入背景场后, 一方面有效地控制了边缘地区的发散现象, 另一方面重构网格点上绝对误差在 -0.25~0.25 TECU之间的比例分别提高了约70 %和100 %, 误差统计基本呈正态分布. 可以通过引入更加精确的背景场或使用逐步订正方法进一步提高重构精度.     

Efficient aerodynamic shape optimization using variable-fidelity surrogate models and multilevel computational grids

A variable-fidelity method can remarkably improve the efficiency of a design optimization based on a high-fidelity and expensive numerical simulation, with assistance of lower-fidelity and cheaper simulation（s）. However, most existing works only incorporate ‘‘two\" levels of fidelity,and thus efficiency improvement is very limited. In order to reduce the number of high-fidelity simulations as many as possible, there is a strong need to extend it to three or more fidelities. This article proposes a novel variable-fidelity optimization approach with application to aerodynamic design. Its key ingredient is the theory and algorithm of a Multi-level Hierarchical Kriging（MHK）, which is referred to as a surrogate model that can incorporate simulation data with arbitrary levels of fidelity. The high-fidelity model is defined as a CFD simulation using a fine grid and the lower-fidelity models are defined as the same CFD model but with coarser grids, which are determined through a grid convergence study. First, sampling shapes are selected for each level of fidelity via technique of Design of Experiments（DoE）. Then, CFD simulations are conducted and the output data of varying fidelity is used to build initial MHK models for objective（e.g.C_D） and constraint（e.g. C_L, C_m） functions. Next, new samples are selected through infillsampling criteria and the surrogate models are repetitively updated until a global optimum is found.The proposed method is validated by analytical test cases and applied to aerodynamic shape optimization of a NACA0012 airfoil and an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flows. The results confirm that the proposed method can significantly improve the optimization efficiency and apparently outperforms the existing single-fidelity or two-level-fidelity method.     

基于梯度增强型Kriging模型的气动反设计方法

基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法目前在气动优化设计中得到了广泛应用。但在高维(设计变量大于30个)气动优化中,计算量过大的问题对其进一步发展产生了严重制约。将翼型和机翼气动反设计问题转化为优化问题,采用Adjoint方法进行快速梯度求解,利用基于梯度增强型Kriging(GEK)模型的代理优化算法分别开展了18、36和108个设计变量的气动反设计。首先,通过采用在设计空间局部建立GEK模型的方法成功地将基于代理优化算法的气动反设计问题的维度拓展到了100维以上。其次,研究了梯度计算精度对基于GEK模型的反设计的影响,发现梯度精度越高,反设计的最终效果越好,同时效率相当。最后,通过不同维度的气动反设计算例,比较了改进拟牛顿法(BFGS)、基于GEK模型和Kriging模型的代理气动反设计方法,结果表明基于GEK模型的代理优化算法的效率大幅度高于基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法,并且维度越高,效率优势越明显;同时,基于GEK模型的代理优化算法在优化效果及分析程序调用次数上相比于BFGS方法也略有优势。     

Variable-fidelity optimization with design space reduction

Advanced engineering systems, like aircraft, are defined by tens or even hundreds of design variables. Building an accurate surrogate model for use in such high-dimensional optimization problems is a difficult task owing to the curse of dimensionality. This paper presents a new algorithm to reduce the size of a design space to a smaller region of interest allowing a more accurate surrogate model to be generated. The framework requires a set of models of different physical or numerical fidelities. The low-fidelity (LF) model provides physics-based approximation of the high-fidelity (HF) model at a fraction of the computational cost. It is also instrumental in identifying the small region of interest in the design space that encloses the high-fidelity optimum. A surrogate model is then constructed to match the low-fidelity model to the high-fidelity model in the identified region of interest. The optimization process is managed by an update strategy to prevent convergence to false optima. The algorithm is applied on mathematical problems and a two-dimen-sional aerodynamic shape optimization problem in a variable-fidelity context. Results obtained are in excellent agreement with high-fidelity results, even with lower-fidelity flow solvers, while showing up to 39% time savings.     

耦合梯度与分级Kriging模型的高效气动优化方法

Kriging代理模型中引入梯度信息能够提高模型的预测精度,但常规耦合梯度的方法都有不足之处。本文结合分级Kriging模型,提出了一种变可信度分级Kriging模型耦合梯度（GEHK）信息的新方法。首先利用梯度信息,选取扰动步长得到初始样本点附近的派生点,以派生点拟合出能够预测目标函数趋势的低精度Kriging模型。然后以初始样本点修正该模型得到高精度的Kriging模型。翼型减阻优化设计算例表明,与常规耦合梯度的Kriging模型相比,基于分级Kriging的梯度耦合方法对于扰动步长引入的误差不敏感,明显提高了模型预测精度,优化效率因此提升并使得目标函数值下降得更加迅速。相比Euler解作为低精度数据的常规分级Kriging模型,由梯度信息得到的派生点为模型提供了更准确的全局趋势预测,取得了更好的优化结果。本文方法成功应用于翼型多点减阻优化问题,说明该方法对复杂设计问题有很好的适应性。基于分级Kriging模型的耦合梯度方法克服了常规方法的缺点,提高了模型全局拟合精度,是一种优化效率更高的Kriging方法。     

基于Kriging模型的离心叶轮结构优化设计

研究了以减重为目标的航空发动机离心叶轮结构优化问题,将Kriging模型与遗传算法相结合,应用拉丁方试验设计和有限元分析生成初始样本数据,利用初始样本数据建立离心叶轮重量和最大应力等状态参数的Kriging模型,运用遗传算法对该Kriging模型在设计空间进行全局寻优,利用有限元分析方法计算近似最优设计点的状态参数,并以此更新已有的设计样本数据,不断提高Kriging模型的近似精度.计算结果表明,基于Kriging模型-遗传算法的离心叶轮结构优化设计方法不仅可以获得良好的优化结果,比直接用遗传算法寻优减少了大量计算时间,提高了设计效率,同多项式模型-遗传算法相比也有效率优势.