基于试验设计-遗传算法的船用柴油机冷却系统多目标优化

为了获取某型船用柴油机冷却系统的最佳运行参数,在柴油机可靠运行的前提下,尽量提升动力性和经济性。建立了柴油机工作过程-燃烧室-冷却系统耦合仿真模型,提出试验设计-遗传算法优化算法,该算法具备节省试验成本和多目标全局寻优的优势,选取柴油机的6个典型推进工况点进行研究,采用该算法对冷却系统运行参数开展多目标优化设计,优化设计以海、淡水泵转速为变量因子,以提升动力性参数和经济性参数为目标,以涡前排温、淡水出机温度和峰值缸压为约束条件,优化后,在低负荷点,淡、海水泵节省功耗79.4%、71.73%,扭矩提升7.2%,有效功率提升7.6%,热效率提升8%,耗油率降低6.73%,摩擦功降低9.71%,峰值缸压降低5%。研究结果表明：耦合仿真模型与实机更加贴近;试验设计-遗传算法在解决强耦合、非线性系统的多目标优化问题具备成本低、效率高、精度高的优点。     

基于非接触式测量的旋转叶片动应变重构方法

基于叶端定时非接触式测量和振动响应传递比的概念,开展高速旋转叶片动应变重构方法的研究。在频域内推导了叶片任意测点位移与任意测点动应变的传递比,给出了单模态共振下响应传递比关于位移和应变模态振型的解析表达式;建立旋转叶片的三维(3D)有限元模型,开展考虑旋转预应力效应的叶片模态分析,提取位移和应变模态振型,获得任意转速下叶端位移与叶根关键点动应变的传递比。开展高速旋转叶片叶端定时非接触式测量实验,采用周向傅里叶算法对叶端定时信号进行处理,获得叶片在不同转速单模态共振下的叶端位移,结合响应传递比,重构5个旋转叶片的关键点动应变。结果表明:旋转叶片在9000r/min和13000r/min转速下发生1阶共振时,与应变片实测结果相比,叶根处应力最大点、次大点和边缘点3个关键点的动应变平均重构误差均小于15%,验证了旋转叶片动应变重构方法的有效性。     

基于振动时滞法的非零叶间相位角叶片颤振

发展了一种利用叶片延迟振动设置叶间相位角的振动时滞法和多通道叶片非同相振动的流固耦合颤振分析模型。模型通道数选取相邻节径线之间通道数的两倍,在循环扇区的不同通道中,令叶片的各阶振动模态位移滞后于前一叶片,结合基于虚拟弹性体的快速动网格算法实现流场及叶片网格的高效更新。针对Rotor 37多通道模型,研究了不同叶间相位角对叶片气弹稳定性及通道流场特性的影响。结果表明:多通道方法与全环叶片颤振分析的计算结果基本一致,而18节径振动下多通道方法的计算时间是全环分析的1486%;节径振动形式对气动阻尼有显著影响,且在2节径时发生气弹失稳;叶间相位角引起流道内激波位置和强度变化和非定常激波脉动异相冲击,是影响颤振的主要原因。     

整体弹性结构法及在叶片流固耦合分析中的应用

针对三维叶片时域流固耦合振动响应计算普遍耗时的问题,采用一种假设整体结构的模态位移,求解固体时域响应和实现高效网格变形,发展了一种3维时域流固耦合分析的整体弹性结构方法,并应用于压气机叶片0°和180°相位角的气动稳定性分析中。结果表明,所发展方法的计算结果与传统双向时域算法和文献的结果较为吻合,而计算效率相比于传统算法显著提升;在所分析的两个相位角下,叶片振动的气动阻尼均随流量减小先增大后降低,相比于0°相位角,180°下叶片的气动稳定性大幅提高,表明该方法能有效应用于叶片的工程流固耦合研究。     

空心气冷低压涡轮动叶气热耦合数值模拟

以空心气冷低压涡轮动叶为研究对象,采用高质量的流体域和固体域网格控制技术,带转捩模型的双方程SST湍流模型,开展了基于CFD方法的叶片气热耦合问题研究。获得了不同冷气流量比(分别为1.0%,1.38%,1.8%和2.2%)、温比(分别为2.1,2.25,2.3,2.4和2.5)和压比(分别为1.4,1.6和1.8)对叶片换热特性的影响规律,设计状态中截面按弧长平均的叶片壁面金属温度计算值较试验值偏小0.3%,气热耦合计算的叶片壁面温度分布与试验结果吻合良好,验证了气热强耦合计算方法的精度,为涡轮叶片温度场分析提供了一种有效的方法。     

基于任意多项式中弧线的单级高效率风扇设计

为了在压气机通流设计阶段考虑叶片弯掠效应,开发了基于流线曲率法的通流设计程序,提出一种基于四次多项式的任意中弧线叶片造型方法,并推导了任意回转面上的中弧线表达式。以此方法为基础,采用通流设计与叶片造型相互迭代的方式开展大流量跨声速风扇设计研究。此风扇级的设计点为巡航状态,设计流量为155kg/s、压比为1.54。研究结果表明:在设计状态,此风扇级的总压比为1.545,转子和级效率分别为0.939、0.916;在设计转速下,失速裕度为17%,转子和级最高效率分别为0.945、0.923;在起飞状态,流量接近440kg/s,效率与巡航状态相当,压比高于巡航状态。     

基于力约束的空心涡轮叶片陶芯定位方法

精铸蜡型作为空心涡轮叶片精铸过程重要的前期工艺转接件,其壁厚精度主要由蜡型模具型腔与内部陶芯的位置匹配关系决定。由于陶芯在模具内完全依靠定位元件实现空间定位,为减小由定位误差引起的陶芯位姿漂移,提出了一种基于力平衡约束的空心涡轮叶片精铸模具陶芯定位布局优化方法。首先,通过建立陶芯定位误差传递模型,揭示了定位误差与陶芯空间位姿扰动量之间的映射关系;其次,根据力平衡原理构建了基于力约束的陶芯定位布局优化模型;之后,针对陶芯表面定位候选点的离散分布特性,结合遗传算法给出了陶芯定位布局点的详细求解策略。最后,仿真对比证明了利用本文所提方法获得的陶芯定位方案可以在保证陶芯定位稳定性的同时提高陶芯定位精度,此外,按照优化后的定位方案压制实际蜡型,壁厚检测结果也进一步表明所提方法的有效性。     

短舱及离散精度对螺旋桨桨叶载荷分布的影响

采用多块结构网格生成技术,分别生成螺旋桨加中心体和螺旋桨加短舱两种构型的动态面搭接网格。在相同计算状态下,分别对螺旋桨加中心体和螺旋桨加短舱流场进行不同时空离散精度的数值模拟。与螺旋桨加中心体构型的计算结果进行对比,发现短舱的出现较大程度改变了螺旋桨桨叶载荷分布,并且采用不同时空离散精度,载荷分布的改变程度不同。     

Numerical simulation of a rotary engine primary compressor impacted by bird

In order to examine the process of a rotary engine primary compressor impacted by bird, a finite element model of a bird impacted on plate is developed with the explicit code PAM-CRASH. The smooth particles hydrodynamic (SPH) method is used to simulate the bird because of the SPH method showing no signs of instability and correctly modeling the breaking-up of the bird into particles. Good agreement between the simulation results and experimental results indicates that the numerical method of bird strike used in the present paper is reasonable. Then a rotary engine primary compressor impacted by three different configurations bird named straight-ended cylinder bird, quadrangular bird, hemispherical-ended bird are investigated using the numerical simulation method. It is found that the whole process of bird strike sustained about 3.5 ms and the bird is slashed by blade during the strike. The geometry configuration of bird affected the displacement and von Mises stress of some blades severely, just because the breaking bird’s mass is affected by the bird’s configuration. In the event of bird striking on the site of"up"some blades may develop plastic deformation and it is very adverse for the safety work of the engine.     

Measurements of heat transfer and pressure in a trailing edge cavity of a turbine blade

 An experimental investigation is conducted to obtain the heat transfer and pressure drop data for an integral trailing edge cavity test section that simulates a novel turbine blade's internal cooling passage with bleed holes. Local heat transfer is measured on both the suction and pressure sides by a transient liquid crystal technique, while pressures at six positions are recorded by pressure calibrators. Moreover, flow characteristic and its effect on heat transfer are analyzed for conditions with or without bleed flow. The experimental results show that, in the cases with bleed flow, local heat transfer on the pressure side exceeds that on the suction side in the first and second channels. In the cases without bleed flow, in the first and third channels, local heat transfer on the suction side weakens whilst it increases significantly on the pressure side. For the second channel, non-bleed condition leads to a more balanced heat transfer distribution between the upstream and downstream channel. Besides, after the bleed holes are blocked, heat transfer in the first bend region on the suction side declines sharply, while the opposite phenomenon occurs for the second bend region on the pressure side. In both bleed and non-bleed cases, the total pressure of six measurement positions decreases continuously along the channel at the same Reynolds number and it promotes for higher Reynolds number. Among all the measurement points, under the same flow rate condition, the highest speed occurs at Position 5, which also shows the maximum difference between the total and static pressures. When the bleed holes are blocked, the total pressure at each measurement position appears to increase.