月球着陆器着陆腿非线性有限元建模与仿真

为了准确地预测着陆冲击过程中着陆腿的载荷缓冲和吸能性能用于指导着陆缓冲机构的设计和优化,采用非线性有限元方法进行着陆冲击动力学仿真.建立了单腿着陆冲击有限元模型,采用ABAQUS/Explicit显式动力学程序作为求解器.为提高计算效率,采用了质量缩放技术.对2个单腿着陆冲击工况进行了动力学仿真分析,通过与试验数据的对比证明了分析结果的正确性.分析结果表明:非线性有限元模型可以综合考虑各种非线性因素的影响,能较准确地预测着陆腿着陆缓冲性能;着陆腿的弹性对套筒间的摩擦力有较大的影响,增大着陆腿刚度可以减小摩擦力.     

Finite element reconstruction approach for on-orbit spacecraft breakup dynamics simulation and fragment analysis

Breakup model is the key area of space debris environment modeling. NASA standard breakup model is currently the most widely used for general-purpose. It is a statistical model found based on space surveillance data and a few ground-based test data. NASA model takes the mass, impact velocity magnitude for input and provides the fragment size, area-to-mass ratio, velocity magnitude distributions for output. A more precise approach for spacecraft disintegration fragment analysis is presented in this paper. This approach is based on hypervelocity impact dynamics and takes the shape, material, internal structure and impact location etc. of spacecraft and impactor, which might greatly affect the fragment distribution, into consideration. The approach is a combination of finite element and particle methods, entitled finite element reconstruction (FER). By reconstructing elements from the particle debris cloud, reliable individual fragments are identified. Fragment distribution is generated with undirected graph conversion and connected component analysis. Ground-based test from literature is introduced for verification. In the simulation satellite targets and impactors are modeled in detail including the shape, material, internal structure and so on. FER output includes the total number of fragments and the mass, size and velocity vector of each fragment. The reported fragment distribution of FER shows good agreement with the test, and has good accuracy for small fragments.     

TiAl/IN718合金过渡液相连接

采用过渡液相TLP(Transient Liquid Phase)连接技术,以金属Ti,Cu,Ni箔构成复合焊料连接TiAl和IN718合金.研究了保温时间对接头界面结构的影响.实验结果表明:采用Ti-Cu,Ti-Ni复合焊料可以制备无缺陷的接头,但2种焊料形成液相的过程和机理不同.由于在等温凝固过程中,从IN718合金中扩散过来的合金元素可在焊缝区聚集,从而在接头中形成亚层结构.通过对接头焊缝区的组织分析和硬度测试表明,在实验条件下Ti-Ni焊料的等温凝固过程持续时间比Ti-Cu的短.     

Quantifying the role of solar radiative forcing over the 20th century

The 20th century temperature anomaly record is reproduced using an energy balance model, with a diffusive deep ocean. The model takes into account all the standard radiative forcings, and in addition the possibility of a non-thermal solar component. The model is parameterized and then optimized to produce the most likely values for the climate parameters and radiative forcings which reproduce the 20th century global warming. We find that the best fit is obtained with a negligible net feedback. We also show that a non-thermal solar component is necessarily present, indicating that the total solar contribution to the 20th century global warming, of ΔT_solar = 0.27 ± 0.07 °C, is much larger than can be expected from variation in the total solar irradiance alone. However, we also find that the largest contribution to the 20th century warming comes from anthropogenic sources, with ΔT_man = 0.42 ± 0.11 °C.     

扫描辐射计内光路反射镜中SiO2／Ag薄膜系统的失效分析

SiO_2/Ag薄膜系统是扫描辐射计内光路反射镜的主要组成部分。采用高分辨扫描俄歇微探针(SAM)和扫描电镜分析对SiO_2/Ag 薄膜系统失效进行了较为全面的分析研究。通过扫描电镜观察发现,失效的反射镜表面SiO_2薄膜上存在大量析出物,借助于SAM分析,表明这些析出物主要是银和铜,析出物表面伴随有硫化和氧化。SAM的深度剖面结果说明,有析出物存在的区域,各薄膜层中存在原子间的扩散。文章就反射镜中Ag、Cu、和O的扩散和穿透行为进行了讨论,认为SiO_2薄膜致密度较差是导致反射镜失效的主要原因之一。     

基于速度预测的导引律剩余时间估计

将分段线性逼近与迭代求解的思想扩展到对导弹的时变速度进行分段预测,给出了适用于反舰导弹速度时变情况的大前置角下比例导引律和偏置比例导引律的剩余时间估计算法。该算法在现有分段迭代算法的基础上,依据闭环形式的反舰导弹速度微分方程,分转弯平飞段和近似直线飞行段2种情况,对导弹未来速度的大小进行分段迭代预测并对剩余时间估计进行修正。算法中还给出了偏置比例导引律作用下近似直线飞行段剩余飞行航程的估计公式。仿真结果验证了本文算法的有效性。     

搅拌流内大振幅界面波特性研究

针对竖直管内不同工况下气液两相搅拌流内的大振幅界面波特征参数(波形、波幅、波长和频率等)及运动特性进行了实验研究,系统分析了流动参数对大振幅界面波特征参数及运动特性的影响规律。结果表明:由于重力和气流剪切力在大振幅界面波不同运动阶段的影响程度不同,大振幅界面波在运动过程中存在与气流先逆向后同向的运动特点,证明了液泛现象普遍存在于搅拌流内,揭示了造成搅拌流液膜振荡剧烈的原因;搅拌流内,大振幅界面波波形符合正态分布函数特征,且波幅较环状流内扰动波波幅大,但是波幅和波长变化趋势与环状流内扰动波变化趋势相似,即波幅和波长随着气速的增大而减小,随液量的增大而增大,且当气速较小时,临界波幅随着液量的增加逐渐趋于定值;而大振幅界面波平均产生频率随气速和液速的增大而增大。     

多斜孔火焰筒壁冷却结构的数值模拟

通过数值模拟对多斜孔火焰筒冷却结构平板模型进行了研究,重点探讨了吹风比、孔斜角、孔阵排列方式、复合角和孔结构对壁面绝热温比的影响规律.结果表明:吹风比和孔斜角的大小对斜孔板的冷却效果有较大的影响,吹风比越大和孔斜角越小,冷却效果越好;孔阵的排列方式对冷却效果有一定的影响,长菱形分布优于正菱形分布;而孔偏角的引入则对冷却不利;与普通圆柱型斜孔相比,所提出的缩扩型斜孔在较低的吹风比下有利于改善冷却效果,而在大吹风比下则对冷却不利.      

挠性充液航天器超近程逼近段动力学建模与控制

超近程逼近过程中,服务航天器为刚柔液耦合的复杂系统,单摆等液体晃动模型不再适用,对这种工况下的航天器进行了动力学建模与控制的研究。采用虚功率原理推导了一种新的适用于三轴推力作用下的液体晃动等效模型,通过引入相对位置导引矢量与相对位置误差矢量,建立了相对轨道误差动力学模型,结合相对姿态动力学模型,得到超近程逼近段的刚柔液耦合的相对轨道姿态动力学模型。针对模型存在的不确定性和未知干扰,设计了基于滑模估计器的相对姿轨耦合控制律。通过数学仿真验证了控制律的有效性,仿真中的晃动结果与Flow-3D结果能够吻合,验证了晃动模型的合理性。