Estimation of ballistic coefficients of low altitude debris objects from historical two line elements

This paper presents a new method for estimating ballistic coefficients (BCs) of low perigee debris objects from their historical two line elements (TLEs). The method uses the drag perturbation equation of the semi-major axis of the orbit. For an object with perigee altitude below 700 km, the variation in the mean semi-major axis derived from the TLE is mainly caused by the atmospheric drag effect, and therefore is used as the source in the estimation of the ballistic coefficient. The method is tested using the GRACE satellites, and a number of debris objects with external ballistic coefficient values, and agreements of about 10% are achieved.     

自由段弹道扰动引力计算的球谐函数极点变换

为提高弹道导弹自由段扰动引力赋值速度,提出了自由段扰动引力计算的球谐函数极点变换一般方法。重点针对轨道动量矩与天球交点为极点及主动段关机点为极点两种情况,推导了考虑侧向偏差和地球旋转修正的扰动引力计算的球谐函数极点变换模型。仿真分析表明:从落点偏差来看,前者扰动引力计算相对误差为1.89%,后者为6.07%,满足诸元和制导精度要求。     

On the effect of considering more realistic particle shape and mass parameters in MMOD risk assessments

One of the primary mission risks tracked in the development of all spacecraft is that due to micro-meteoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). Both types of particles, especially those larger than 0.1 mm in diameter, contain sufficient kinetic energy due to their combined mass and velocities to cause serious damage to crew members and spacecraft. The process used to assess MMOD risk consists of three elements: environment, damage prediction, and damage tolerance. Orbital debris risk assessments for the Orion vehicle, as well as the Shuttle, Space Station and other satellites use ballistic limit equations (BLEs) that have been developed using high speed impact test data and results from numerical simulations that have used spherical projectiles. However, spheres are not expected to be a common shape for orbital debris; rather, orbital debris fragments might be better represented by other regular or irregular solids. In this paper we examine the general construction of NASA’s current orbital debris (OD) model, explore the potential variations in orbital debris mass and shape that are possible when using particle characteristic length to define particle size (instead of assuming spherical particles), and, considering specifically the Orion vehicle, perform an orbital debris risk sensitivity study taking into account variations in particle mass and shape as noted above. While the results of the work performed for this study are preliminary, they do show that continuing to use aluminum spheres in spacecraft risk assessments could result in an over-design of its MMOD protection systems. In such a case, the spacecraft could be heavier than needed, could cost more than needed, and could cost more to put into orbit than needed. The results obtained in this study also show the need to incorporate effects of mass and shape in mission risk assessment prior to first flight of any spacecraft as well as the need to continue to develop/refine BLEs so that they more accurately reflect the shape and material density variations inherent to the actual debris environment.     

一台用于高超声速炮风洞的三分量铰链力矩天平

本文介绍一种用于脉冲型高超声速风洞中的无挠性结构,并带有惯性补偿的铰链力矩三分量压电天平。在科学院力学所 JF-4B 炮风洞中进行了实验,文中给出其天平静校精度和实验结果。验证了天平的机械结构,灵敏度和补偿系统均满足设计要求,能成功地用于机动弹头控制翼气动力的测量。     

基于低矮建筑物实测数据的改进湍流物理模型

要准确模拟低矮建筑物壁面上分离涡位置的平均风压比较困难,这些区域在绕钝体流动中也是很关键的部位.本文在Spalart-Allamaras湍流物理模型的基础上,根据钝体绕流流场特性,结合低矮建筑物上的实测数据,调试并选取合适的参数,提高涡粘预测的准确性,提出了改进的S-A湍流物理模型.通过对6m立方体和Silsoe低矮建筑模型进行稳态数值模拟,由改进S-A湍流模型得到的屋面、背风和侧风面上平均风压结果,比目前公认的模拟钝体绕流效果较好的SST湍流模型有较大改善,比风洞实验更接近实测结果.由此可以看出,本文改进湍流模型的方法,将是一条提高预测建筑物表面平均风压精度很有效的途径.     

批次定检设备故障诊断的贝叶斯方法研究

针对机载设备故障诊断定位率低的问题,提出充分利用先验故障信息指导批次定检的思想.通过研究批次定检机载无线电设备的失效规律,运用贝叶斯方法对小子样情况下的故障概率进行估计,建立了以各模块的故障概率来指导下一步故障检测的机制.针对不同情况提出3种指导方法并进行了仿真计算,结果表明可显著提高故障的一次定位准确率,减少故障查找时间,具有较高的工程应用价值.      

舵机反操纵负载台设计

反操纵气动力加载设备,技术关键在于加载强度大,对称性与线性度要求高,加载元件小巧.通过引用机器人的平衡技术,解决了上述技术关键.设计出了我国第一台模拟舵机反操纵加载的试验台.      

弹道导弹的自适应模糊滑模控制研究

对弹道导弹的三通道非线性模型进行了分析,为了实现三通道的解耦设计,简化控制系统结构,将通道间的耦合项和干扰项看作是单个通道的不确定项,从而将非线性模型转化为一种解耦形式.在此基础上,采用自适应模糊滑模控制方法设计了弹道导弹的推力矢量控制系统.自适应模糊滑模控制方法利用自适应模糊控制器来调节滑模控制参数,对不确定项的边界进行估计和补偿,保证了系统的跟踪误差指数地收敛到零.仿真结果表明了该控制方法的有效性.     

航天器动力学环境试验故障诊断专家系统

文章概述了对卫星及星上组件进行振动环境试验现有的故障诊断方法,并阐述了建立经济、有效的航天器故障诊断专家系统的重要性。提出了航天器故障诊断专家系统的研究方案,并通过对卫星结构模型的应用,验证了将小波系数作为故障诊断特征向量的可行性。利用此系统可在航天器研发过程中提高航天器结构的可靠性,缩减用于排查故障的时间与财力,缩短卫星研制周期。     

谐振板式大型试件冲击谱模拟技术研究

通过对试验室现有谐振板冲击模拟装置的研究和分析,采用在谐振板的一端增加千斤顶的方法,设计出了较大试件的谐振板冲击谱模拟装置,并对该装置进行了一系列的研究和分析。文章利用一个夹具和配重共117kg的试件,对该装置进行试验调试,得出了两种满足常用冲击谱试验条件的结果。经研究表明,这种装置可用于150kg以下的大型试件的冲击谱模拟试验,具有一定的工程实用价值。