The Coma of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

As comet 9P/Tempel 1 approaches the Sun in 2004–2005, a temporary atmosphere, or “coma,” will form, composed of molecules and dust expelled from the nucleus as its component icy volatiles sublimate. Driven mainly by water ice sublimation at surface temperatures T > 200 K, this coma is a gravitationally unbound atmosphere in free adiabatic expansion. Near the nucleus (≤ 10² km), it is in collisional equilibrium, at larger distances (≥10⁴ km) it is in free molecular flow. Ultimately the coma components are swept into the comet’s plasma and dust tails or simply dissipate into interplanetary space. Clues to the nature of the cometary nucleus are contained in the chemistry and physics of the coma, as well as with its variability with time, orbital position, and heliocentric distance. The DI instrument payload includes CCD cameras with broadband filters covering the optical spectrum, allowing for sensitive measurement of dust in the comet’s coma, and a number of narrowband filters for studying the spatial distribution of several gas species. DI also carries the first near-infrared spectrometer to a comet flyby since the VEGA mission to Halley in 1986. This spectrograph will allow detection of gas emission lines from the coma in unprecedented detail. Here we discuss the current state of understanding of the 9P/Tempel 1 coma, our expectations for the measurements DI will obtain, and the predicted hazards that the coma presents for the spacecraft. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Deep Impact Mission Design

The Deep Impact mission is designed to provide the first opportunity to probe below the surface of a comet nucleus by a high-speed impact. This requires finding a suitable comet with launch and encounter conditions that allow a meaningful scientific experiment. The overall design requires the consideration of many factors ranging from environmental characteristics of the comet (nucleus size, dust levels, etc.), to launch dates fitting within the NASA Discovery program opportunities, to launch vehicle capability for a large impactor, to the observational conditions for the two approaching spacecraft and for telescopes on Earth.     

The History and Dynamics of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

Since its discovery in 1867, periodic comet 9P/Tempel 1 has been observed at 10 returns to perihelion, including all its returns since 1967. The observations for the seven apparitions beginning in 1967 have been fit with an orbit that includes only radial and transverse nongravitational accelerations that model the rocket-like thrusting introduced by the outgassing of the cometary nucleus. The successful nongravitational acceleration model did not assume any change in the comet’s ability to outgas from one apparition to the next and the outgassing was assumed to reach a maximum at perihelion. The success of this model over the 1967–2003 interval suggests that the comet’s spin axis is currently stable. Rough calculations suggest that the collision of the impactor released by the Deep Impact spacecraft will not provide a noticeable perturbation on the comet’s orbit nor will any new vent that is opened as a result of the impact provide a noticeable change in the comet’s nongravitational acceleration history. The observing geometries prior to, and during, the impact will allow extensive Earth based observations to complement the in situ observations from the impactor and flyby spacecraft.     

铌微合金化对1Cr21Ni5Ti屈服强度的影响

为了提高1Cr21Ni5Ti双相不锈钢的屈服强度,对其进行了铌微合金化,通过化学分析、金相观察、拉伸试验等,对微合金化前后的性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,经过Nb微合金化处理的1Cr21Ni5Ti屈服强度σ0.2显著提高,达到了技术条件的规定。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cross-rolled Ti50Ni47Fe3 Shape Memory Alloy

The microstructures, the phase transformation characteristics, and the mechanical properties of the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy in as-forged and as-cross-rolled states were investigated. It is found that, after cross-rolling, the phase transformation temperature （Ms） of the alloy decreases drastically and the grains get refined. Moreover, its yield strength and fracture strength after cross-rolling hit 540 MPa and 687 MPa respectively, up by about 200 MPa over those in as-forged state.     

镍基合金激光超高温度梯度定向凝固

 采用高能激光束作为定向凝固的热源,研究了镍基合金在超高温度梯度（1.0×104K/cm）定向凝固下的组织结构特征。在定向凝固组织中得到了平均一次枝晶间距仅为10.6μm的细枝晶和完全无侧向分枝的“超细胞晶”.对合金元素在不同组织中偏析行为的分析表明：传统的定向凝固组织中存在严重的微观偏析,而激光超高温度梯度定向凝固组织中,元素的微观偏析大大改善甚至完全消除。     

应用模拟退火算法求解飞机调度问题

通过分析飞机运行的时区集合特点,将飞机调度问题转化为固定工件排序问题。根据工件占用机器的时间区间,利用划分时间片算法把需要平行作业的工件挑选出来组成无向图的相邻顶点,从而将固定工件问题转化为图的k-顶点着色问题,然后建立0-1整数规划数学模型,并设计出相应的模拟退火算法。最后应用该算法针对飞机调度问题进行了仿真研究,结果表明:在可接受的时间内能够得到该问题的满意解。     

16Co14Ni10Cr2Mo钢力学性能与应力腐蚀行为

研究了１６Ｃｏ１４Ｎｉ１０Ｃｒ２Ｍｏ钢不同温度回火５ｈ强度、冲击韧性、断裂韧性和应力腐蚀性能（在３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液中）。在５１０℃回火可以获得较高的强度，最高的断裂韧性及抗应力腐蚀性能，此时Ｋ＿（ＩＳＣＣ）可达，Ｋ＿（ＩＣ）为，屈服强度为１５８０ＭＰａ。应力腐蚀性能（ＳＣＣ）的改善主要与在较高温度回火，使Ｍｏ＿２Ｃ共格造成的应力下降，位错亚结构的恢复及碳化物的粗化，并导致氢的偏聚下降有关。     

Cr4M04V钢表面预制缺陷对滚动接触疲劳性能的影响

用推力片实验研究了表面预制缺陷对Cr4Mo4V高温轴承钢滚动接触疲劳性能的影响。应用洛氏硬度计和维氏硬度计预制不同形状、不同大小的表面缺陷,通过扫描电镜记录滚动疲劳裂纹的萌生、发展乃至试样失效的全过程。结果表明,表面预制缺陷对Cr4Mo4V钢滚动接触疲劳性能有很大的影响。不同形状的预制缺陷对疲劳性能有不同的影响,且疲劳性能有明显的缺陷尺寸效应。     

Cr12型钢检测分析及热加工技术

设计了一种计算机实时金相定量分析系统(简称:计算机分析系统),该系统采用先进的图像处理技术实现定量金相测量.利用该系统对Cr12型钢进行了定量金相分析,完成对模具失效形式的分析,并提出了解决模具寿命短的锻造方法.在保证锻件质量前提下,对锻后热处理工艺的主要特性和某些现象的可行性作了探讨性研究.提出了掌握Cr12型钢热加工关键技术是保证模具质量,提高模具寿命的主要途径.