High temporal resolution global PWV dataset of 2005–2016 by using a neural network approach to determine the mean temperature of the atmosphere

Atmospheric water vapour plays an important role in phenomena related to the global hydrologic cycle and climate change. However, the rapid temporal–spatial variation in global tropospheric water vapour has not been well investigated due to a lack of long-term, high-temporal-resolution precipitable water vapour (PWV). Accordingly, this study generates an hourly PWV dataset for 272 ground-based International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Service (IGS) stations over the period of 2005–2016 using the zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) derived from global-scale GNSS observation. The root mean square (RMS) of the hourly ZTD obtained from the IGS tropospheric product is approximately 4 mm. A fifth-generation reanalysis dataset of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF ERA5) is used to obtain hourly surface temperature (T) and pressure (P), which are first validated with GNSS synoptic station data and radiosonde data, respectively. Then, T and P are used to calculate the water vapour-weighted atmospheric mean temperature (Tm) and zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD), respectively. T and P at the GNSS stations are obtained via an interpolation in the horizontal and vertical directions using the grid-based ERA5 reanalysis dataset. Here, Tm is calculated using a neural network model, whereas ZHD is obtained using an empirical Saastamoinen model. The RMS values of T and P at the collocated 693 radiosonde stations are 1.6 K and 3.1 hPa, respectively. Therefore, the theoretical error of PWV caused by the errors in ZTD, T and P is on the order of approximately 2.1 mm. A practical comparison experiment is performed using 97 collocated radiosonde stations and 23 GNSS stations equipped with meteorological sensors. The RMS and bias of the hourly PWV dataset are 2.87/?0.16 and 2.45/0.55 mm, respectively, when compared with radiosonde and GNSS stations equipped with meteorological sensors. Additionally, preliminary analysis of the hourly PWV dataset during the EI Niño event of 2014–2016 further indicates the capability of monitoring the daily changes in atmospheric water vapour. This finding is interesting and significant for further climate research.     

过渡型凹腔超声速燃烧流动振荡抑制方法

针对长深比为10.0的过渡型凹腔在隔离段入口马赫数为3.0条件下存在的冷流自激振荡现象，提出了一种凹腔内增加肋条抑制振荡的方案。通过试验和数值计算，对该方案抑制振荡的效果进行了检验，并分析了肋条增加前后燃烧室流场结构和燃烧性能的差别。研究发现：通过在凹腔内增加肋条能够消除过渡型凹腔冷流工况下存在的175.8 Hz的自激振荡，燃烧流场也更加稳定；增加肋条后凹腔的稳焰能力有所降低，部分在凹腔未完全燃烧的煤油进入扩张段后继续发生反应，从而使燃烧区向下游延伸、增大，发动机的燃烧效率和净推力分别降低5.4%和8.9%，但推力更加平稳；燃烧室一维平均热流密度峰值由2.9 MW/m²降低至1.8 MW/m²，燃烧室的热环境大幅改善。     

热力学排气系统中节流效应及其冷量利用分析

为更好地理解热力学排气系统(TVS)的运行机理，优化其运行参数，针对节流装置，建立了热力学模型，讨论了节流过程中状态参数的变化规律，对比了单相气体、单相液体节流的性能特性，进一步揭示了焦汤节流效应的原理，分析了不同节流背压下节流前低温工质(液氢和液氧)压力和温度对节流性能的影响，并结合TVS实际应用，阐述了节流最大制冷量的利用效果，提出了优化的TVS工作区间。研究表明：在节流过程不发生相变情况下单相气体节流制冷效应要比单相液体节流制冷效应更加显著；而在节流过程发生相变情况下液体节流至两相后，由于空化吸热导致流体温度降低，对于液氢，0.5MPa的压降可产生接近3 K的温降。对于液体节流，节流前压力对节流过程影响可忽略，〖JP2〗而节流前温度和节流背压对节流过程起主导作用；对于液氢在在轨运行工况下，考虑到节流制冷量的充分利用，同时保证换热过程体积含气率不高于90%，推荐TVS系统中节流背压范围为75～143 kPa。     

桨间距对某型共轴对转螺旋桨气动性能的影响

为掌握共轴对转螺旋桨的桨间气动干扰规律，降低桨间气动干扰强度，提升共轴对转螺旋桨的气动性能，基于非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stocks方程耦合湍流模型的计算方法，并使用了滑移网格技术，研究了4种不同桨间距的6×6构型对转螺旋桨的桨间气动干扰对其气动性能的影响，桨间距选择了4种不同方案。研究结果表明：在4种不同的轴向桨间距中，当桨间距为0.25倍螺旋桨直径时，共轴对转螺旋桨的平均推进效率最高，并且气动干扰导致的效率脉动幅度较小；随着桨间距的增大，前、后排桨受到的气动干扰强度都会减小，相比于后桨，前桨因气动干扰造成的脉动对桨间距更加敏感。可见共轴对转螺旋桨的桨间距会对螺旋桨的气动干扰，及气动性能产生较为明显的影响，在设计共轴对转螺旋桨时选择合适的桨间距，有利于提高螺旋桨气动性能。     

一种基于系留无人机的图像遥测系统设计

针对海上船舶甲板的监控需求，本文提出了一种基于系留无人机的图像遥测系统设计方法，即通过系留无人机上的图像采集装置对被监控目标进行视频信号实时采集、压缩，再经过遥测装置的编码、调制、放大后由天线进行辐射，最后由数十公里外的遥测接收机完成接收、解调、解码，可实时显示船舶甲板图像信息。文中介绍了系统的软硬件组成、关键设备的设计方法、综合性能的分析，对相关图像遥测技术应用有一定参考意义。     

Numerical investigation on flow nonuniformity-induced hysteresis in scramjet isolator

Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were conducted to study the hysteresis inside scramjet isolator during the reciprocating process of back pressure variation. It is revealed that only a regular reflection is theoretically possible for two leading shocks when the inflow Mach number is greater than 2.0, and no hysteresis can occur in the transition between shock reflection types. Nevertheless, wall suction, gas injection, and background waves cause non-uniformity of the incoming flow and would make hysteresis possible. Besides the classical hysteresis in the transition between shock reflection, new kinds of hysteresis were found in both the deflection angle of separated boundary layer and the location of the shock train. Moreover, the occurrence of hysteresis in the deflection angle of the separated boundary layer is accompanied with the shock reflection hysteresis. In the case with background waves or gas injection, hysteresis in the starting position of leading shock was observed too. As back pressure decreases, the leading shock does not follow the same path as that as the back pressure increases, and it is anchored at the location where the background shock or the injection interacts with the leading shock. It is inferred that, if two strong adverse pressure gradient regions move towards and interact with each other, hysteresis will take place when they start to separate.     

非线性刚度对微机械陀螺动态性能的影响*

为了提高微机械陀螺的稳定性,研究自由振动状态下活动基座上L-L型双质量微机械陀螺的动态性能,建立微机械陀螺的数学模型,得到以幅值-相位为变量的运动微分方程的解,并给出这种解与轨道元素的联系。研究框架质量和弹性件非线性刚度对陀螺漂移量的影响,并给出数值例子。对所得到的解析关系式与曲线进行分析,作出关于系统性能的相应结论。     

Effect of curing condition on bonding quality of scarf-repaired composite laminates

Both single-face vacuum bag curing (SVC) and double-face vacuum bag curing (DVC) can be used in scarf repair of composite structures. But different curing conditions caused by the sealing state may affect the bonding quality of scarf-repaired structures. In this paper, the effect of curing condition on bonding quality of scarf-repaired laminates was experimentally investigated in terms of surface profiles, moisture absorption curves and section profiles. In order to further explore the moisture absorption mechanism, finite element model of the repaired laminates using DVC was established with moisture diffusion of both the adhesive and composite laminates considered. This model was verified by experimental results. Based on the model of DVC case, the model of SVC case was built by changing moisture absorption parameters of the adhesive. Results show that SVC reduces the bonding quality, mainly reflecting in more adhesive inner voids and patch-to-parent dislocation. And SVC increases moisture absorption rate and moisture equilibrium content of the adhesive, and its effect on the former is far greater than that on the latter.     

Flow mechanism between purge flow and mainstream in different turbine rim seal configurations

The rim seal is used to prevent mainstream ingestion to the gap between the vane of a turbine and its blade. In this article, the dolphin lip with a hook configuration and a large seal cavity with hook structures are designed based on the high-pressure turbine datum single shark lip rim seal configuration. The sealing effect and parameters of the flow field are measured by an experiment method and a numerical simulation is used to explain the mechanism. For three configurations, the effect of the leakage slot vortex on the efficiency of the seal and the influence of leakage vortex, generated by the interaction between purge flow and mainstream flow, are discussed in depth. The result shows that the reverse vortex formed by the dolphin lip rim seal with hook structure will increase the sealing efficiency. The seal configuration with a large cavity improves sealing efficiency to a greater extent than the datum structure. At different purge flow rates and with unequal seal structures, the purge flow produces three types of leakage vortices in the passage. Besides, the seal configuration with dolphin lip produces a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the interface of the purge and the mainstream flows at a low purge flow rate to induce new leakage vortex branches in the passage of the blade.