Semi-supervised gear fault diagnosis using raw vibration signal based on deep learning

In aerospace industry, gears are the most common parts of a mechanical transmission system. Gear pitting faults could cause the transmission system to crash and give rise to safety disaster. It is always a challenging problem to diagnose the gear pitting condition directly through the raw signal of vibration. In this paper, a novel method named augmented deep sparse autoencoder (ADSAE) is proposed. The method can be used to diagnose the gear pitting fault with relatively few raw vibration signal data. This method is mainly based on the theory of pitting fault diagnosis and creatively combines with both data augmentation ideology and the deep sparse autoencoder algorithm for the fault diagnosis of gear wear. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by experiments of six types of gear pitting conditions. The results show that the ADSAE method can effectively increase the network generalization ability and robustness with very high accuracy. This method can effectively diagnose different gear pitting conditions and show the obvious trend according to the severity of gear wear faults. The results obtained by the ADSAE method proposed in this paper are compared with those obtained by other common deep learning methods. This paper provides an important insight into the field of gear fault diagnosis based on deep learning and has a potential practical application value.     

Multi-faults diagnosis of rolling bearings via adaptive customization of flexible analytical wavelet bases

Multi-faults detection is a challenge for rolling bearings due to the mode mixture and coupling of multiple fault features, as well as its easy burying in the complex, non-stationary structural vibrations and strong background noises. In this paper, a method based on the flexible analytical wavelet transform (FAWT) possessing fractional scaling and translation factors is proposed to identify multiple faults occurred in different components of rolling bearings. During the route of the proposed method, the proper FAWT bases are constructed via genetic optimization algorithm (GA) based on maximizing the spectral correlated kurtosis (SCK) which is firstly presented and proved to be efficient and effective in indicating interested fault mode. Via using the customized FAWT bases for each interested fault mode, the original vibration measurements are decomposed into fine frequency subbands, and the sensitive subband which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is selected to exhibit the fault signature on its envelope spectrum. The proposed method is tested via simulated signals, and applied to analyze the experimental vibration measurements from the running roller bearings subjected to outrace, inner-race and roller defects. The analysis results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying multi-faults occurred in different components of rolling bearings.     

Influence of thickness and initial groove angle in M–K model on limit strain of 7B04 by considering through-thickness stress

Marciniack–Kuczinski (M–K) model is widely used to predict material’s forming limit curve (FLC). The prediction of FLC traditionally neglected through-thickness normal stress. However, it cannot be neglected in some forming processes. Much work has been done to study the effect of through-thickness normal stress on FLC with constant through-thickness normal stress or constant ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress. In addition, based on Nakazima test process, the ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress has been derived, which was a function of instantaneous thickness and loading path. Here, initial groove angle in M–K model was not considered. In this paper, uniaxial tension tests and Nakazima tests were performed on 7B04 aluminum alloy. Based on Hill 48 yield criterion and M–K model, the prediction model of FLC was established. The increase of thickness can enhance FLC. Meanwhile, it is necessary to consider through-thickness normal stress and initial groove angle in prediction model. On the left side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is weakened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is strengthened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the relation between limit strain points with different thicknesses is linear under one certain loading path. Thickness has decisive effect on through-thickness normal stress level and the changing trendy of through-thickness normal stress during calculation is different under different stress condition.     

基于EWT的离心压气机出口动态压力样本熵分析

以800 kW离心压气机从稳定状态经过过渡过程进入喘振状态时段的出口动态压力为研究对象，采用经验小波变换并结合样本熵特征，分析了系统在不同工况下的复杂特性。首先，在分析系统动态压力波形特征的基础上，采用经验小波变换并结合皮尔逊相关系数进行信号的提取。其次，研究了提取信号的样本熵与系统工作状态变化的关联关系，并讨论了经验小波的分解层数和样本熵的维数对分析结果的影响。最后，通过将白噪声加入原始信号以验证该方法的抗干扰性能。研究结果显示：当系统由稳态进入喘振状态时，系统出口动态压力的样本熵表现出明显的突变特性，其值由0突变至0.7左右。从系统参数的选择角度，样本熵维数的变化对系统特征的分析影响较小。并且，采用该方法抗干扰性能较好。     

Attitude control of a satellite with redundant thrusters

Redundant thrusters are generally used for a reliable attitude control system. Also, redundant thrusters yield a better performance if they are used appropriately. In this paper, the authors propose an efficient redundancy management algorithm to reduce the fuel consumption. The algorithm is based on a linear programming problem which is a constrained optimization problem. For the algorithm, a cost function is defined as a quantity related to the fuel consumption for a maneuver. The independent variables are the thrusters' on-times which are control input variables of a satellite dynamic model. The advantage of the proposed method is verified by numerical examples. The examples show that the proposed method consumes less fuel than an existing method for a given maneuvering command. A sub-optimal algorithm is also discussed for an onboard computation. The proposed algorithm is applied to two maneuvers: move-to-rest and rest-to-rest. This is verified by a numerical simulation.     

MACH2 simulations of a micro laser ablation plasma thruster

In this work the detailed physical processes occurring in the high density plasma that is ejected from the solid propellant surface in a small laser ablation thruster are simulated using MACH2. Qualitative results of the laser ablation process that leads to propellant erupting from the surface and leaving behind a crater in a solid Teflon® propellant are presented. Simulations were conducted for a 0.5 μs laser pulse (FWHM) at 935 nm with laser pulse energy ranging from 20 μJ to 2 mJ. Simulation results indicate that crater diameter and depth increase with pulse energy. The impulse bit also increases with pulse energy. Specific impulse follows the opposite trend and decreases with laser pulse energy. The simulated impulse bit for a 2 mJ, 0.5 μs laser pulse over-predicts that reported in the literature for a 2 mJ, 2 ms laser ablation thruster pulse by approximately one order of magnitude and under-predicts the specific impulse by approximately one order of magnitude.     

高速钻削复合材料的切削力

采用多种硬质合金钻头,在高转速和不同进给速度条件下对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料进行孔加工正交试验,通过研究其轴向力和扭矩以分析刀具条件和切削参数的适应性.结果表明:主轴转速是影响轴向力和扭矩的最主要因素,高转速钻削时轴向力和扭矩都显著减小;减小进给速度也使轴向力和扭矩减小,但其影响小于主轴转速.此外,钻头材质对轴向力和扭矩的影响大于钻头几何形状和进给速度;进给速度对轴向力的影响较大,而钻头几何形状对扭矩的影响较大.     

压力敏感涂料PSP宽域(1~600 kPa)静态标定方法研究

压力敏感涂料PSP是一种先进的光学测试技术。涂料的标定误差是该技术的主要误差来源之一。压敏漆的测量范围正逐步从常规压力区间向超低压和超高压拓展,因此需要开发压力调节范围大、精度高的标定系统。本文将现有的变压力法和变浓度法相结合,提出了一种新型的PSP宽域压力标定方法及系统。通过理论计算的方式,分析了该系统与ISSI公司的商用PSP标定系统的性能差异。结果表明:PSP宽域压力标定系统在低压区（1~20 kPa）标定误差能够控制在0.5 kPa范围内,性能优于ISSI标定系统;中压区（20~200 kPa）与ISSI标定系统性能趋同,误差在4%以内,且随着压力增大,误差降低;高压区（200~600 kPa）可以弥补ISSI无法标定400 kPa以上范围的不足,能实现超高压环境中的PSP标定。本文还对最常用的两种快响应PSP进行了标定实验,结果表明:本文提出的系统标定精度高,能实现PSP宽域标定。     

Modelling of the optical observations of a geosynchronous fragmentation event

A study of the evolution and optical detectability of a fragmentation debris cloud in geosynchronous orbit has been carried out. The 1998 NASA breakup model has been used to generate orbit data for 95 fragments larger than 10 cm size from a 1000 kg satellite. The orbital evolution of these fragments is studied using a precision numerical propagator, employing a high-fidelity force model. Although the fragments rapidly disperse throughout the geostationary arc, they remain localised in right ascension of ascending node and inclination, and are driven along a narrow inertial corridor by luni-solar perturbations. The ESA PROOF software is used to study the detectability of the fragments using a 1- and 0.5-m telescope design. The 1-m telescope can detect 82% of the fragments (down to 13 cm in size) whilst the 0.5-m telescope can detect 39% of the fragments (down to 30 cm size). Due to the large along-track spread of the fragments, a time limit of 1-month post-breakup can be established for a space surveillance system to catalogue the breakup fragments. After this time the angular separation is such that the fragments disperse into the background population, and are no longer distinguishable as originating from a common breakup event.     

The Russian experience in medical care and health maintenance of the International Space Station crews

The main purpose of the medical support system aboard International Space Station (ISS) is crew health maintenance and high level of work capability assurance prior to during and after in space flights. In the present communication the Russian point of view dealing with the problems and achievements in this branch is presented. An overview on medical operations during flight and after finalization of the space missions based on Russian data of crew health and environment state monitoring, as well as data on the inflight countermeasures (prophylaxis) jointly with data on operational problems that are specific to ISS is presented. The report summarizes results of the medical examination of Russian members of the ISS and taxi crews during and after visits to the ISS.