空间机械臂辅助深层采样阻抗控制策略

针对空间机械臂辅助深层采样任务中的建模与控制问题,基于刚体李群SO(3)方法对机械臂进行建模。通过梯形规划对机械臂进行轨迹规划,采用阻抗控制方法控制机械臂运动。推导了李群SO(3)模型下机械臂关节空间与末端笛卡尔空间之间的雅可比矩阵,并且得到了两个空间的相互转换关系。采用锥互补方法计算采样机械臂与复杂接触面的碰撞力,并基于非光滑算法求解锥互补条件与系统动力学方程。通过对比位置控制与阻抗控制,证明了阻抗控制在实际应用过程中能够更加柔顺地控制机械臂与接触面进行接触。通过对控制参数进行调整,探究了不同控制参数对机械臂控制的影响,优化得到了合适的控制参数,从而能控制机械臂辅助完成深层采样的任务。     

基于hp伪谱同伦凸优化的火箭垂直回收在线轨迹规划方法

针对可重复使用运载火箭垂直回收轨迹优化问题,提出了一种带有最优终端时间估计策略的hp伪谱同伦凸优化在线轨迹规划算法。首先,考虑状态约束和过程约束的非凸性,采用无损凸化处理推力幅值约束;然后,结合同伦方法与不动点迭代思想将气动力与非凸质量约束转化为线性时变剖面,完成问题凸化;进一步基于hp flipped Radau伪谱法对问题进行离散化处理,将最优控制问题转化为参数优化问题,进而采用原-对偶内点法求解;最后,为进一步减少燃料消耗,提升经济效益,考虑最优终端时间难以在线确定的问题,结合解析推导与二次插值法,设计了最优终端时间快速估计策略。仿真结果表明所设计的轨迹优化算法最优终端时间估计速度快,收敛性能良好,具有较高的精度和计算效率,具备在线应用的潜力。     

行星着陆复杂形貌特征匹配与自主导航研究进展

基于行星定点软着陆探测任务的需求,围绕复杂形貌行星着陆过程环境特点,首先分析了行星着陆复杂形貌特征匹配与自主导航所面临的主要技术挑战,随后综述了行星着陆复杂形貌特征匹配与自主导航的研究现状,并概括了行星着陆复杂形貌特征匹配与自主导航所涉及的关键技术。最后对未来行星着陆探测复杂形貌特征匹配与自主导航发展方向进行了展望。     

导弹大迎角下非线性诱导滚转力矩数值研究简

 采用计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟方法,研究战术导弹大迎角状态下涡破裂导致滚转力矩随迎角非线性增长引起舵面控制能力不足的现象。首先通过标准模型的数值分析,验证了所采用的CFD方法具有三角翼前缘涡破裂现象的捕捉能力;然后采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程对某“++”字正常布局导弹构型（含弹翼、弹身、尾舵和整流罩等）进行了数值模拟,结果显示亚声速状态下滚转力矩在迎角大于20°时出现非线性增长,导致全动尾舵的滚转控制能力不足。通过分解各部件对滚转力矩的贡献,并分析流场结构,探明了该现象发生的流动机理,其主要原因是：随着迎角的增长,弹体迎风面的尾舵前缘涡首先发生破裂,导致其平衡诱导滚转力矩的作用被削弱。     

Accuracy enhancement of the spherical actuator with a two-level geometric calibration method

This paper presents a two-level geometric calibration method for the permanent magnet （PM） spherical actuator to improve its motion control accuracy. The proposed actuator is com- posed of a stator with circumferential coils and a rotor with multiple PM poles. Due to the assembly and fabrication errors, the real geometric parameters of the actuator will deviate from their design values. Hence, the identification of such errors is critical for the motion control tasks. A two-level geometric calibration approach is proposed to identify such errors. In the first level, the calibration model is formulated based on the differential form of the kinematic equation, which is to identify the geometric errors in the spherical joint. In the second level, the calibration model is formulated based on the differential form of torque formula, which is to calibrate the geometric parameters of the magnetization axes of PM poles and coils axes. To demonstrate the robustness and availability of the calibration algorithm, simulations are conducted. The results have shown that the proposed two-level calibration method can effectively compensate the geometric parameter errors and improve the positioning accuracy of the spherical actuator.     

Detonation engine fed by acetylene–oxygen mixture

The advantages of a constant volume combustion cycle as compared to constant pressure combustion in terms of thermodynamic efficiency has focused the search for advanced propulsion on detonation engines. Detonation of acetylene mixed with oxygen in various proportions is studied using mathematical modeling. Simplified kinetics of acetylene burning includes 11 reactions with 9 components. Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) is obtained in a cylindrical tube with a section of obstacles modeling a Shchelkin spiral; the DDT takes place in this section for a wide range of initial mixture compositions. A modified ka-omega turbulence model is used to simulate flame acceleration in the Shchelkin spiral section of the system. The results of numerical simulations were compared with experiments, which had been performed in the same size detonation chamber and turbulent spiral ring section, and with theoretical data on the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters.     

Conceptual study and key technology development for Mars Aeroflyby sample collection

Conceptual study of Mars Aeroflyby Sample Collection (MASC) is conducted as a part of the next Mars exploration mission currently entertained in Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In the mission scenario, an atmospheric entry vehicle is flown into the Martian atmosphere, collects the Martian dust particles as well as atmospheric gases during the guided hypersonic flight, exits the Martian atmosphere, and is inserted into a parking orbit from which a return system departs for the earth to deliver the dust and gas samples. In order to accomplish a controlled flight and a successful orbit insertion, aeroassist orbit transfer technologies are introduced into the guidance and control system. System analysis is conducted to assess the feasibility and to make a conceptual design, finding that the MASC system is feasible at the minimum system mass of 600 kg approximately. The aerogel, which is one of the candidates for the dust sample collector, is assessed by arcjet heating tests to examine its behavior when exposed to high-temperature gases, as well as by particle impingement tests to evaluate its dust capturing capability.     

Photonic spin control for solar wind electric sail

The electric solar wind sail (E-sail) is a novel, efficient propellantless propulsion concept which utilises the natural solar wind for spacecraft propulsion with the help of long centrifugally stretched charged tethers. The E-sail requires auxiliary propulsion applied to the tips of the main tethers for creating the initial angular momentum and possibly for modifying the spinrate later during flight to counteract the orbital Coriolis effect and possibly for mission specific reasons. We introduce the possibility of implementing the required auxiliary propulsion by small photonic blades (small radiation pressure solar sails). The blades would be stretched centrifugally. We look into two concepts, one with and one without auxiliary tethers. The use of small photonic sails has the benefit of providing sufficient spin modification capability for any E-sail mission while keeping the technology fully propellantless. We conclude that small photonic sails appear to be a feasible and attractive solution to E-sail spinrate control.     

Survival of dormant organisms after long-term exposure to the space environment

The RF SRC—Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, developed Biorisk hardware to study the effects of long-term exposure of dormant forms of various organisms to outer space and used it to complete a series of experiments on the Russian Module (RM) of the International Space Station (ISS).The experiments were performed using prokaryotes (Bacillus bacteria) and eukaryotes (Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium fungi), as well as spores, dormant forms of higher plants, insects, lower crustaceans, and vertebrates. The biological samples were housed in two containers that were exposed to outer space for 13 or 18 months. The results of the 18-month experiment showed that, in spite of harsher temperature than in the first study, most specimens remained viable.These experiments provided evidence that not only bacterial and fungal spores but also dormant forms of organisms that reached higher levels of evolutionary development had the capability to survive a long-term exposure to outer space. This observation suggests that they can be transferred on outer walls of space platforms during interplanetary missions.     

NASA'S Robotic Lunar Lander Development Project

Over the last 5 years, NASA has invested in development and risk-reduction activities for a new generation of planetary landers capable of carrying instruments and technology demonstrations to the lunar surface and other airless bodies. The Robotic Lunar Lander Development Project (RLLDP) is jointly implemented by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). The RLLDP team has produced mission architecture designs for multiple airless body missions to meet both science and human precursor mission needs. The mission architecture concept studies encompass small, medium, and large landers, with payloads from a few tens of kilograms to over 1000 kg, to the Moon and other airless bodies. To mature these concepts, the project has made significant investments in technology risk reduction in focused subsystems. In addition, many lander technologies and algorithms have been tested and demonstrated in an integrated systems environment using free-flying test articles. These design and testing investments have significantly reduced development risk for airless body landers, thereby reducing overall risk and associated costs for future missions.