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101.
Doris Breuer Steven A. Hauck II Monika Buske Martin Pauer Tilman Spohn 《Space Science Reviews》2007,132(2-4):229-260
The interior evolution of Mercury—the innermost planet in the solar system, with its exceptional high density—is poorly known.
Our current knowledge of Mercury is based on observations from Mariner 10’s three flybys. That knowledge includes the important
discoveries of a weak, active magnetic field and a system of lobate scarps that suggests limited radial contraction of the
planet during the last 4 billion years. We review existing models of Mercury’s interior evolution and further present new
2D and 3D convection models that consider both a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity and core cooling. These studies
provide a framework for understanding the basic characteristics of the planet’s internal evolution as well as the role of
the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, mantle viscosity, and sulfur content of the core have had on the
history of Mercury’s interior.
The existence of a dynamo-generated magnetic field suggests a growing inner core, as model calculations show that a thermally
driven dynamo for Mercury is unlikely. Thermal evolution models suggest a range of possible upper limits for the sulfur content
in the core. For large sulfur contents the model cores would be entirely fluid. The observation of limited planetary contraction
(∼1–2 km)—if confirmed by future missions—may provide a lower limit for the core sulfur content. For smaller sulfur contents,
the planetary contraction obtained after the end of the heavy bombardment due to inner core growth is larger than the observed
value. Due to the present poor knowledge of various parameters, for example, the mantle rheology, the thermal conductivity
of mantle and crust, and the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, it is not possible to constrain the core
sulfur content nor the present state of the mantle. Therefore, it is difficult to robustly predict whether or not the mantle
is conductive or in the convective regime. For instance, in the case of very inefficient planetary cooling—for example, as
a consequence of a strong thermal insulation by a low conductivity crust and a stiff Newtonian mantle rheology—the predicted
sulfur content can be as low as 1 wt% to match current estimates of planetary contraction, making deep mantle convection likely.
Efficient cooling—for example, caused by the growth of a crust strongly in enriched in radiogenic elements—requires more than
6.5 wt% S. These latter models also predict a transition from a convective to a conductive mantle during the planet’s history.
Data from future missions to Mercury will aid considerably our understanding of the evolution of its interior. 相似文献
102.
Andreas Rittweger Werner Beuchel Martin G. Andersen Jochen Albus 《Acta Astronautica》2005,57(12):877-886
The dynamic qualification of the new cryogenic upper stage ESC-A of the ARIANE 5 is supported by several tests in order to verify the assumptions and the modeling approach made at the beginning of the development. The stage contains a large amount of equipment such as propellant lines, acceleration rockets, batteries, fluid control equipment etc. For the low frequency domain the verification of the equipment responses in the integrated state was done by a sine vibration test, excited to levels representing the predicted flight loads including a qualification factor. Acoustic tests with the upper stage were performed to verify the random vibration responses in the frequency range up to 2000 Hz. To verify the shock response level induced by stage separation (pyro-shock) a stage separation test was performed. The paper concentrates on the experience made with the modal identification and sine vibration test of the stage. For the sine vibration test an electro-dynamic multi-shaker table was used. It was able to produce the required input precisely up to as specified, not an easy task for a test set-up of 20 tons weight. The paper presents the approach of how the dynamic qualification was reached successfully and highlights the experience accomplished. 相似文献
103.
A general set of equations is developed from which the effects of initial condition perturbations upon weapon impact point are readily evaluated. Data are presented to illustrate the accuracy with which predictions can be made. Results obtained from the actual ballistic equations, from the time-varying perturbation equations, and from a time-invariant approximation of the perturbation equations are compared. It is shown that reasonable impact point predictive accuracy can be provited for fairly large changes in initial conditions. 相似文献
104.
A novel autonomous low-cost on-board data handling architecture for a pin-point planetary lander 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tanya Vladimirova Muhammad Fayyaz Martin N. Sweeting Valentin I. Vitanov 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(7-8):811-829
There has been increased interest in the exploration of the Moon in recent years. Pin-point precision landing is highly desirable for future lunar missions. This paper is concerned with the design of the on-board data handling (OBDH) subsystem for the pin-point lunar lander of the Magnolia-1 project, funded by NASA. Four proposed on-board data handling architectures are outlined and compared in terms of power consumption, performance and reliability. Implementation results are presented, which are obtained from prototyping of the flight computer for the optimal OBDH architecture option on a Xilinx Virtex-5 Field Programmable Gate Array. 相似文献
105.
A.A. Gusev T. Kohno W.N. Spjeldvik I.M. Martin G.I. Pugacheva A. Turtelli Jr. 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1998,21(12):1805-1808
At the interface between the upper atmosphere and the radiation belt region, there exists a secondary radiation belt consisting mainly of energetic ions that have become neutralized in the ring current and the main radiation belt and then re-ionized by collisions in the inner exosphere. The time history of the proton fluxes in the 0.64 – 35 MeV energy range was traced in the equatorial region beneath the main radiation belts during the three year period from 21 February 1984 to 26 March 1987 using data obtained with the HEP experiment on board the Japanese OHZORA satellite. During most of this period a fairly small proton flux of −1.2 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 was detected on geomagnetic field lines in the range 1.05 < L < 1.15. We report a few surprisingly deep and rapid flux decreases (flux reduction by typically two orders of magnitude). These flux decreases were also long in duration (lasting up to three months). We also registered abrupt flux increases where the magnitude of the proton flux enhancements could reach three orders of magnitude with an enhancement duration of 1–3 days. Possible reasons for these unexpected phenomena are discussed. 相似文献
106.
Michael Martin 《航空制造技术》2007,(7):110-111
高效的驱动系统需要精确的位置信息.一种特殊的光栅鼓栅线制造工艺和独特的扫描原理使海德汉新系列的角度编码器具有很高的精度. 相似文献
107.
Effects of X2-class solar flare events on ionospheric GPS-TEC and radio waves over Brazilian sector 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A.J. de Abreu M. Roberto M.A. Alves J.R. Abalde P.A.B. Nogueira K. Venkatesh P.R. Fagundes R. de Jesus M. Gende I.M. Martin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2019,63(11):3586-3605
In this investigation, we present and discuss the effects of 6 X2-class solar flare events in the ionospheric F region over Brazilian sector that occurred during 2013 to 2015. For this investigation, we present the vertical total electron content (VTEC) observations from nearly 120 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers all over the Brazilian sector for each event. Also, ionospheric sounding observations obtained in São José dos Campos (23.2°S, 45.9°W, dip latitude 17.6°S; hereafter referred to as SJC), under the southern crest of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA), Brazil, are presented. The observations show that the greatest TEC impact occurs with the EUV fluxes increases lasting for more than one hour and when the solar active region is located close to the solar disc center. We present a detailed study of the efficiency of the EUV flux with wavelengths ranging from 0.1 to 190?nm for the F region ionization. The largest increase of ΔTEC occurs below the magnetic equator line, covering mainly the central, northeast, southeast and south regions, which includes the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) region. The ionograms show partial or total fade out in the echoes traces observed causing blackouts of radio signals of up to 60?min, which can have serious consequences to technological systems of public and private agencies around Brazilian sector. This study can help to better understand the effects of solar flares in the ionospheric F region. 相似文献
108.
V D Kern F D Sack N J White K Anderson W Wells C Martin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,24(6):775-778
To accommodate a spaceflight experiment with moss (SPM), experiment-unique equipment (EUE) was developed by engineers at Kennedy Space Center. The hardware allows sterile culture for an extended period of time in commercial petri dishes, lateral illumination of each culture with light of a specific wavelength (660 nm; other wavelengths are possible) and a range of intensities (0.05-5 micromoles photons m-2 s-1), incubation in complete darkness, and chemical fixation to terminate the experiment under conditions of microgravity. The use of a fixative required triple containment to protect the astronaut crew. An external panel on the experiment container allowed the timing of illumination and fixation to be controlled by the crew. Light quality is provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs) that are located in the lid of the outer container, the BRIC (Biological Research In Canisters)-LED. Each canister accommodates 6 Petri Dish Fixation Units (PDFUs), and each PDFU holds one 6 cm petri dish. All components are autoclavable. LED illumination is piped through a transparent glass rod. Each PDFU contains fixative in a reservoir that is released by the depression of an actuator. This hardware performed well during its first flight, the 16-day STS-87 mission in Nov./Dec., 1997 as part of the Collaborative USA and Ukrainian Experiment (CUE). It supported vigorous and sterile moss growth, cells were maintained in position and were well-fixed, and there was a vigorous and consistent response to light. Although here used for moss, in future flight experiments this unique new hardware can be used for many types of organisms normally grown in petri dishes, with or without a requirement for illumination. 相似文献
109.
D. Lemke M. Grewing P. Preussner W. Martin D. Offermann G. Lange S. Drapatz R. Katterloher H. Denner G. Klipping F. Dahl K. Proetel 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(3):11-17
The liquid helium cooled 50 cm-IR-telescope is equipped with a 4-band-camera, a photopolarimeter, a grating spectrometer and a Michelson interferometer. These focal plane instruments allow measurements with high spectral resolution, high sensitivity and diffraction limited spatial resolution in the wavelength region 2.5 … 200 μm. - The “thermal model” phase of the project was successfully completed in 1983. This phase included the development and construction of a full size cryostat, which was thoroughly tested by an experiment simulator. Prototypes of all focal plane instruments have been developed and severral have already been tested under the expected flight conditions. - At present the “flight model” phase to be entered in 1984 is being prepared. The first Spacelab flight of the reusable IR observatory is planned for 1988. It will include measurements in astrophysics, atmospheric science and helium II physics. 相似文献
110.
Sebastian E. Schroeder Andreas Kullmann Peter Preusse Fred Stroh Katja Weigel Manfred Ern Peter Knieling Friedhelm Olschewski Reinhold Spang Martin Riese 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,43(12):1910-1917
The CRISTA-NF instrument is the airborne version of the CRISTA satellite infrared limb sounder. It has been successfully flown on the Geophysica research airplane during a test campaign in July 2005, during the SCOUT-O3 Tropical Aircraft Campaign in November/December 2005 and during the AMMA campaign in August 2006. Radiance calibrations of the airborne instrument are more complex compared to the satellite instrument because the vacuum shell of CRISTA-NF is confined by a ZnSe (zinc–selenide) window and the detectors can thermally drift during measurement flights. By comprehensive radiance calibrations with a blackbody source the window’s emissivity and transmissivity are determined and the dependence of the instrument sensitivity on the detector temperature is characterized. Taking these effects into account, the remaining radiance error of the calibration is smaller than 3%. 相似文献