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11.
The invention of the neutron monitor pile for the study of cosmic-ray intensity-time and energy changes began with the discovery in 1948 that the nucleonic component cascade in the atmosphere had a huge geomagnetic latitude dependence. For example, between 0° and 60° this dependence was a ∼ 200–400% effect – depending on altitude – thus opening the opportunity to measure the intensity changes in the arriving cosmic-ray nuclei down to ∼1–2 GeV nucl−1 for the first time. In these measurements the fast (high energy) neutron intensity was shown to be a surrogate for the nuclear cascade intensity in the atmosphere. The development of the neutron monitor in 1948–1951 and the first geomagnetic latitude network will be discussed. Among its early applications were: (1) to prove that there exists interplanetary solar modulation of galactic cosmic-rays (1952), and; (2) to provide the evidence for a dynamical heliosphere (1956). With the world-wide distribution of neutron monitor stations that are presently operating (∼ 50) many novel investigations are still to be carried out, especially in collaborations with spacecraft experiments. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
The Expendable Launch Systems division of The Boeing Company is well into the development of the new family of Delta IV launch vehicles to support commercial and government missions. The Delta IV adds to the existing Delta family of vehicles, the Delta II in four configurations and the Delta III with twice the performance of the Delta II.The addition of the Delta IV adds five vehicles to the Delta family: the Delta IV medium, three Delta IV Medium-Plus vehicles with solid rocket augmentation, and the Delta IV Heavy vehicles. This family now addresses the full market range of payload requirements from 2,000 to 29,000 pounds to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). Full-scale commercial development was initiated in 1997, with the first Delta flight planned for the second quarter of 2001. This paper presents the status of the development program of the launch vehicles, the new green field, focused factory for common booster core production at Decatur, Alabama, the new launch facility construction at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Vandenberg Air Force Base, and the new LO2/LH2 RS-68 common booster core engine. The status of the Delta III return to flight is also presented. 相似文献
13.
Berg E.C. Roberts M.A. Simpson T.L. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2003,39(3):1016-1034
The VLF transmitting system in Cutler, ME currently broadcasts at one frequency through a two-element antenna system. This study investigates simultaneous operation at 24.0 and 17.8 kHz. Detailed nonlinear PSPICE models were generated for the system including the amplifier triodes, saturable dynamic-tuning reactors, and the closely-coupled antenna elements. The predicted behavior is in close agreement with available observations. Upper limits are placed on harmonic content, <-59.8 dBc, and intermodulation distortion, <-78 dBc. 相似文献
14.
高新航空武器装备的发展对含氟材料的需求 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
介绍了氟橡胶,氟涂料,氟塑料金属自润滑材料,新型膨化聚四氟乙烯的性能特点及在国内外飞机上的应用概况。由于高分子材料经氟化改性后会有更好的稳定性和更长的使用寿命,因此,设计员在设计某些有特殊功能要求的结构时,可以重点考虑上述材料。 相似文献
15.
The International Institute of Space Commerce (IISC) held a workshop on the influence of the financial crisis on the space sector in Douglas, Isle of Man from 18 to 19 November 2009. A number of experts presented their views on this topic. A summary of their generally upbeat findings are presented below. 相似文献
16.
Jing Sun Geshi Tang Fengchun Shu Xie Li Shushi Liu Jianfeng Cao Andreas Hellerschmied Johannes Böhm Lucia McCallum Jamie McCallum Jim Lovell Rüdiger Haas Alexander Neidhardt Weitao Lu Songtao Han Tianpeng Ren Lue Chen Mei Wang Jinsong Ping 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2018,61(3):823-829
The APOD (Atmospheric density detection and Precise Orbit Determination) is the first LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellite in orbit co-located with a dual-frequency GNSS (GPS/BD) receiver, an SLR reflector, and a VLBI X/S dual band beacon. From the overlap statistics between consecutive solution arcs and the independent validation by SLR measurements, the orbit position deviation was below 10?cm before the on-board GNSS receiver got partially operational. In this paper, the focus is on the VLBI observations to the LEO satellite from multiple geodetic VLBI radio telescopes, since this is the first implementation of a dedicated VLBI transmitter in low Earth orbit. The practical problems of tracking a fast moving spacecraft with current VLBI ground infrastructure were solved and strong interferometric fringes were obtained by cross-correlation of APOD carrier and DOR (Differential One-way Ranging) signals. The precision in X-band time delay derived from 0.1?s integration time of the correlator output is on the level of 0.1?ns. The APOD observations demonstrate encouraging prospects of co-location of multiple space geodetic techniques in space, as a first prototype. 相似文献
17.
Ulysses Mission investigations, extending from pole-to-pole of the Sun and inner heliosphere in the period 1993-1996, have led to discoveries that will change dramatically models to account for the physical phenomena underlying the 26-day modulation of galactic cosmic rays and anomalous nuclear components and their propagation modes. These new findings also relate to the propagation of low energy nucleons and electrons accelerated by corotating interaction region shocks. Also included are some unpublished measurements that will need to be taken into account in any model for the 26-day modulation phenomena. This report is a brief summary of the principal results from the solar wind, magnetic field and charged particle investigations, and their alternate interpretations. 相似文献
18.
G. Paschmann F. Melzner R. Frenzel H. Vaith P. Parigger U. Pagel O. H. Bauer G. Haerendel W. Baumjohann N. Scopke R. B. Torbert B. Briggs J. Chan K. Lynch K. Morey J. M. Quinn D. Simpson C. Young C. E. Mcilwain W. Fillius S. S. Kerr R. Mahieu E. C. Whipple 《Space Science Reviews》1997,79(1-2):233-269
The Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) measures the drift of a weak beam of test electrons that, when emitted in certain directions, return to the spacecraft after one or more gyrations. This drift is related to the electric field and the gradient in the magnetic field, and these quantities can, by use of different electron energies, be determined separately. As a by-product, the magnetic field strength is also measured. The present paper describes the scientific objectives, the experimental method, and the technical realization of the various elements of the instrument. 相似文献
19.
We discuss the recent progress in studying the absolute and convective instabilities of circularly polarized Alfvén waves
(pump waves) propagating along an ambient magnetic field in the approximation of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). We present
analytical results obtained for pump waves with small dimensionless amplitude a, and compare them with numerical results valid for arbitrary a. The type of instability, absolute or convective, depends on the velocity U of the reference frame where the pump wave is observed with respect to the rest plasma. One of the main results of our analysis
is that the instability is absolute when U
l < U < U
r and convective otherwise. We study the dependences of U
l and U
r on a and the ratio of the sound speed to the Alfvén speed b. We also present the results of calculation of the increment of the absolute instability on U for different values of a and b. When the instability is convective (U < U
l or U > U
r) we consider the signalling problem, and show that spatially amplifying waves exist only when the signalling frequency is
in two symmetric frequency bands. Then, we write down the analytical expressions determining the boundaries of these frequency
bands and discuss how they agree with numerically calculated values. We also present the dependences of the maximum spatial
amplification rate on U calculated both analytically and numerically. The implication of the obtained results on the interpretation of observational
data from space missions is discussed. In particular, it is shown that circularly polarized Alfvén waves propagating in the
solar wind are convectively unstable in a reference frame of any realistic spacecraft. 相似文献
20.
Simnett G. M. Kunow H. Flückiger E. Heber B. Horbury T. Kóta J. Lazarus A. Roelof E. C. Simpson J. A. Zhang M. Decker R. B. 《Space Science Reviews》1998,83(1-2):215-258
The corotating particle events give us a unique opportunity to probe the three-dimensional structures of the heliosphere. This is especially true if we have observations over a period of extreme stability of the CIRs, such as existed over the recent solar minimum. We discuss how the observations fit into the context of current heliospheric magnetic field models. The energetic particle signatures of CIRs throughout the regions of the heliosphere covered by the deep-space missions are reviewed. The CIRs accelerate these particles and at the same time modulate both the high energy galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous cosmic rays. 相似文献