意大利Finmeccanica集团公司及其航空产品

简介意大利Finmeccanica集团公司和该集团的三家下属公司（FIAR公司、Galileo　Avionica航空公司和SELEX　S＆AS公司）的业务范围及其主要航空产品，主要介绍该集团的7种机载雷达的简况、功能、工作模式和性能参数。图文并茂，数据丰富。     

美国两种新型机载气象雷达

Primus700机载气象雷达系列新成员 霍尼韦尔公司研发的军民两用新型机载气象雷达Primus701A已经获得美国联邦航空局（FAA）技术标准法规局的批准。型号尾标“A”表示雷达系统能与目前军民用飞机都采用的ARINC-708标准数据接口兼容。因此，新的雷达系统可以作为陆军的商用货架产品，采购成本将显著低于同类军用产品。     

PtSi肖特基势垒IRCCD焦面阵列的设计和性能

该文介绍高性能PtSi肖特基势垒探测器64×128元红外CCD焦面阵列。掩埋沟道CCD成像器具有一个行间传输机构,它有22％的有效探测面积和120×60μm的像元尺寸。高性能薄型铂硅探测器的截止波长约6.0μm,而在3.0～4.5μm的光谱段有4.0～1.0％的量子效率。根据过程参数和工作电压,这些红外探测器在77K测得的暗电流密度为5到60nA/cm~2。在一个电视兼容的红外相机里,高质量的热图像通过64×128元PtSi肖特基势垒红外CCD焦面阵列得到。红外CCD照相机在没有垂直隔行扫描的情况下,以60帧每秒工作。     

用于自动低空夜间攻击的全地形地面防撞和机动地形跟随

本文着重讨论了全地形地面防撞系统和“机动”地表跟随系统的发展。这两种系统都应用了数字地形数据库。考虑到两种系统在军事应用中的互补作用，因此我们把它们同时介绍出来。     

电子扫描天线

随着近50年来的技术发展，雷达的工作能力得到了很大的改善。在早期雷达功率管得到不断改进之后。数字信号处理技术成为二十世纪70年代的首项技术，使雷达具有了杂波抑制和下视能力。可编程信号处理机开辟了多功能雷达的道路。如今，由于电扫阵列(ESA)和有源ESA(ASEA)而有了新的突破，使雷达能够进行波束捷变和空间处理(自适应波束形成)。     

美伊战后回顾4——没有发生的担心：城镇地区作战

在这次由英美联军独自发起的“自由伊拉克”（Operation lraqi Freedom）作战中，城镇地区作战所占比重极大。就传统军事教范观点来看，城镇地区作战向来被视为一项吃力不讨好的繁重任务，因为即便是攻击方拥有绝对战略主动优势，只要守方能够稳住阵脚，利用城镇地区现成的家屋和建筑物善加战场经营，就有机会在攻击者受限于城镇地区地形无法展开和情报受限的情况下造成对手惨重伤亡。从二战时葬送整个德国第六军团的斯大林格勒到让俄罗斯装甲纵队灰头土脸的车臣首府格罗兹尼，血淋淋的教训都明确验证了城镇地区作战的困难。     

The PROCESS experiment: exposure of amino acids in the EXPOSE-E experiment on the international space station and in laboratory simulations

To understand the chemical behavior of organic molecules in the space environment, amino acids and a dipeptide in pure form and embedded in meteorite powder were exposed in the PROCESS experiment in the EXPOSE-E facility mounted on the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) platform on board the International Space Station (ISS). After exposure to space conditions for 18 months, the samples were returned to Earth and analyzed in the laboratory for reactions caused by solar UV and cosmic radiation. Chemical degradation and possible racemization and oligomerization, the main reactions caused by photochemistry in the vacuum ultraviolet domain (VUV, wavelength range 100-200?nm for photon energy from 6.2 to 12.4?eV) were examined in particular. The molecules were extracted and derivatized by silylation and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to quantify the rate of the degradation of the compounds. Laboratory exposure in several wavelength ranges from UV to VUV was carried out in parallel in the Cologne Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Center and Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM) laboratories. The results show that resistance to irradiation is a function of the chemical nature of the exposed molecules and the wavelengths of the UV light. The most altered compounds were the dipeptide, aspartic acid, and aminobutyric acid. The most resistant were alanine, valine, glycine, and aminoisobutyric acid. Our results also demonstrate the protective effect of meteorite powder, which reemphasizes the importance of exogenic contribution to the inventory of prebiotic organics on early Earth.     

The PROCESS experiment: amino and carboxylic acids under Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions in low-earth orbit

The search for organic molecules at the surface of Mars is a top priority of the next Mars exploration space missions: Mars Science Laboratory (NASA) and ExoMars (ESA). The detection of organic matter could provide information about the presence of a prebiotic chemistry or even biological activity on this planet. Therefore, a key step in interpretation of future data collected by these missions is to understand the preservation of organic matter in the martian environment. Several laboratory experiments have been devoted to quantifying and qualifying the evolution of organic molecules under simulated environmental conditions of Mars. However, these laboratory simulations are limited, and one major constraint is the reproduction of the UV spectrum that reaches the surface of Mars. As part of the PROCESS experiment of the European EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station, a study was performed on the photodegradation of organics under filtered extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation that mimics Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions. Glycine, serine, phthalic acid, phthalic acid in the presence of a mineral phase, and mellitic acid were exposed to these conditions for 1.5 years, and their evolution was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after their retrieval. The results were compared with data from laboratory experiments. A 1.5-year exposure to Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions in space resulted in complete degradation of the organic compounds. Half-lives between 50 and 150?h for martian surface conditions were calculated from both laboratory and low-Earth orbit experiments. The results highlight that none of those organics are stable under low-Earth orbit solar UV radiation conditions.     

用于通信技术卫星(CTS)带有隔离式引发系统的高性能远地点发动机的设计、研制和试验

加拿大电信局和美国宇航局(NASA)联合研制的通信技术卫星(以下简称 CTS)将于1975年下半年发射。为这一卫星研制的远地点发动机代表了远地点发动机技术中新的发展方向。钛合金壳体、88%固体含量的端羧基聚丁二烯推进剂和轻质喷管使这一发动机获得高性能指标。由于采用隔离式安全发火装置减轻了重量并简化了总体布局。装有远地点发动机的卫星的大量试验,在研制计划初期就已提供了许多必需的数据,以便及时地提供一个可靠的卫星。