Solar particle event dose distributions: parameterization of dose-time profiles

Calculations of total dose and dose equivalent as a function of time since the start of the event are presented for four of the major solar particle events that occurred during the period from August to December 1989. Results are presented for exposures to the skin, ocular lens and bone marrow shielded by a nominal thickness of aluminum shielding, comparable to that provided by a spacesuit. The calculated curves of organ dose and dose equivalent versus time are parameterized using a Weibull functional form for the fitting equation. The fitting parameters are determined using least squares regression techniques. These results provide a useful starting point for the development of methods to predict the cumulative doses and times to reach various dose limits from a limited number of dose measurements early in a solar particle event.     

The NASA Performance Assessment Workstation: cognitive performance during head-down bed rest

The NASA Performance Assessment Workstation was used to assess cognitive performance changes in eight males subjected to seventeen days of 6 degrees head-down bed rest. PAWS uses six performance tasks to assess directed and divided attention, spatial, mathematical, and memory skills, and tracking ability. Subjective scales assess overall fatigue and mood state. Subjects completed training trials, practice trials, bed rest trials, and recovery trials. The last eight practice trials and all bed rest trials were performed with subjects lying face-down on a gurney. In general, there was no apparent cumulative effect of bed rest. Following a short period of performance stabilization, a slight but steady trend of performance improvement was observed across all trials. For most tasks, this trend of performance improvement was enhanced during recovery. No statistically significant differences in performance were observed when comparing bed rest with the control period. Additionally, fatigue scores showed little change across all periods.     

Anomalous Cosmic Rays and Solar Modulation

We review aspects of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) that bear on the solar modulation of energetic particles in the heliosphere. We show that the latitudinal and radial gradients of these particles exhibit a 22-year periodicity in concert with the reversal of the Sun's magnetic field. The power-law index of the low energy portion of the energy spectrum of ACRs at the shock in 1996 appears to be -1.3, suggesting that the strength of the solar wind termination shock at the helioequatorial plane is relatively weak, with s 2.8. The rigidity dependence of the perpendicular interplanetary mean free path in the outer heliosphere for particles with rigidities between 0.2 and 0.7 GV varies approximately as R2, where R is particle rigidity. There is evidence that ACR oxygen is primarily multiply charged above 20 MeV/nuc and primarily singly-charged below 16 MeV/nuc. The location of the termination shock was at 65 AU in 1987 and 85 AU in 1994.     

Eigenstructure Assignment for Linear Systems

The use of feedback (full state, output, and constrained output) is considered as a means of shaping the transient response of linear time invariant systems. The underlying importance of the eigenstructure (eigenvalues/eigenvectors) is highlighted. Also, the important results and techniques are presented along with a brief literature review. An extensive flight control example is presented which should give direction to the application of eigenstructure assignment in diverse areas.     

卫星-惯性-星光最优组合导航系统在航天飞机导航中的应用

 文中对航天飞机星光-惯性导航系统进行了简要分析从最优系统组成原理、余度管理方法、系统性能分析等方面研究了卫星-惯性-星光组合导航系统的概念设计。     

An operational system implementation of the ESPIRIT DF algorithm

The practical implementation of the ESPRIT algorithm into direction-finding system architecture is considered. In particular, the problems of phase ambiguity resolution for extended array separations and multidimensional azimuth/elevation estimation are addressed. Generalized solutions for these problems are proposed, and a bearing quality indicator that provides a measure of credibility associated with each angle-of-arrival estimate is developed. Plots of computer simulated performance are presented in order to assess the probability of detection, of failure to alarm, and of false alarm as a function of azimuthal separation and period of signal observation     

Atmospheric Ion-induced Aerosol Nucleation

Ion-induced nucleation has been suggested to be a potentially important mechanism for atmospheric aerosol formation. Ions are formed in the background atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays. A possible connection between galactic cosmic rays and cloudiness has been However, the predictions of current atmospheric nucleation models are highly uncertain because the models are usually based on the liquid drop model that estimates cluster thermodynamics based on bulk properties (e.g., liquid drop density and surface tension). Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and water are assumed to be the most important nucleating agents in the free troposphere. Measurements of the molecular thermodynamics for the growth and evaporation of cluster ions containing H₂SO₄ and H₂O were performed using a temperature-controlled laminar flow reactor coupled to a linear quadrupole mass spectrometer as well as a temperature-controlled ion trap mass spectrometer. The measurements were complemented by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster ion structures. The analysis yielded a complete set of H₂SO₄ and H₂O binding thermodynamics extending from molecular cluster ions to the bulk, based on experimental thermodynamics for the small clusters. The data were incorporated into a kinetic aerosol model to yield quantitative predictions of the rate of ion-induced nucleation for atmospheric conditions. The model predicts that the negative ion-H₂SO₄-H₂O nucleation mechanism is an efficient source of new particles in the middle and upper troposphere.     

碳/酚醛材料的粒子侵蚀

引用均质材料的冲蚀疲劳理论，研究了碳／酚醛材料应用在固体火箭发动机喉衬情况下的侵蚀特性；分别对无碳化层和有碳化层两种状态进行了分析和计算。综合热化学烧蚀计算与实验对比，得到粒子冲蚀的定性定量结果。     

二元进气道非均匀超音来流试验研究

介绍一种二元进气道模型在非均匀超音来流中的初步研究结果。试验在DLR小型超音风洞上进行。为造成非均匀来流条件,试验中将部分或全部试验段顶壁附面层引入进气道模型。结果表明,进气斜板产生的头激波与来流附面层相互作用的性状在不同的附面层隔道下变化极大。随隔道高度增加,激波附面层相互作用距离L起初亦增加,当全部附面层被排移后,L大幅度下降。与均匀来流试验结果相比较,当来流顶壁附面层全部被进气道吞入时,该进气道总压恢复σ及质量流率m分别降低18％及15％(M_∞=2.19),同时出口面总压畸变大幅度增加。文章分析了原因及对进气道性能影响的强度。     

振动攻丝最大扭矩的计算模型

 振动攻丝工艺参数的选择对于振动攻丝的工艺效果的好坏具有重要影响。目前一般通过大量单因素实验来获取合理的工艺参数。这种方法周期长、成本高,严重限制了该技术的应用。因此研究振动攻丝工艺参数的简易确定技术极为必要。作者提出了一种新的描述回弹量和重复切削次数的关系式,并在此基础上利用重复切削理论建立了振动攻丝最大扭矩的一般计算模型。通过数值仿真验证了该模型与试验结果的一致性。该模型的建立为简化工艺参数的获取过程提供了一种有效途径。