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91.
D. N. Baker S. G. Kanekal V. C. Hoxie S. Batiste M. Bolton X. Li S. R. Elkington S. Monk R. Reukauf S. Steg J. Westfall C. Belting B. Bolton D. Braun B. Cervelli K. Hubbell M. Kien S. Knappmiller S. Wade B. Lamprecht K. Stevens J. Wallace A. Yehle H. E. Spence R. Friedel 《Space Science Reviews》2013,179(1-4):337-381
Particle acceleration and loss in the million electron Volt (MeV) energy range (and above) is the least understood aspect of radiation belt science. In order to measure cleanly and separately both the energetic electron and energetic proton components, there is a need for a carefully designed detector system. The Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope (REPT) on board the Radiation Belt Storm Probe (RBSP) pair of spacecraft consists of a stack of high-performance silicon solid-state detectors in a telescope configuration, a collimation aperture, and a thick case surrounding the detector stack to shield the sensors from penetrating radiation and bremsstrahlung. The instrument points perpendicular to the spin axis of the spacecraft and measures high-energy electrons (up to ~20 MeV) with excellent sensitivity and also measures magnetospheric and solar protons to energies well above E=100 MeV. The instrument has a large geometric factor (g=0.2 cm2?sr) to get reasonable count rates (above background) at the higher energies and yet will not saturate at the lower energy ranges. There must be fast enough electronics to avert undue dead-time limitations and chance coincidence effects. The key goal for the REPT design is to measure the directional electron intensities (in the range 10?2–106 particles/cm2?s?sr?MeV) and energy spectra (ΔE/E~25 %) throughout the slot and outer radiation belt region. Present simulations and detailed laboratory calibrations show that an excellent design has been attained for the RBSP needs. We describe the engineering design, operational approaches, science objectives, and planned data products for REPT. 相似文献
92.
Coordinate Conversion and Tracking for Very Long Range Radars 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The problem of tracking with very long range radars is studied in this paper. First, the measurement conversion from a radar's r-u-v coordinate system to the Cartesian coordinate system is discussed. Although the nonlinearity of this coordinate transformation appears insignificant based on the evaluation of the bias of the converted measurements, it is shown that this nonlinearity can cause significant covariance inconsistency in the conventionally converted measurements (CM1). Since data association depends critically on filter consistency, this issue is very important. Following this, it is shown that a suitably corrected conversion (CM2) eliminates the inconsistency. Then, initialized with the converted measurements (using CM2), four Cartesian filters are evaluated. It is shown that, among these filters, the converted measurement Kalman filter with second order Taylor expansion (CM2KF) is the only one that is consistent for very long range tracking scenarios. Another two approaches, the range-direction-cosine extended Kalman filter (ruvEKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are also evaluated and shown to suffer from consistency problems. However, the CM2KF has the disadvantage of reduced accuracy in the range direction. To fix this problem, a consistency-based modification for the standard extended Kalman filter (E1KF) is proposed. This leads to a new filtering approach, designated as measurement covariance adaptive extended Kalman filter (MCAEKF). For very long range tracking scenarios, the MCAEKF is shown to produce consistent filtering results and be able to avoid the loss of accuracy in the range direction. It is also shown that the MCAEKF meets the posterior Carmer-Rao lower bound for the scenarios considered. 相似文献
93.
T Ohnishi K Tsuji T Ohmura H Matsumoto X Wang A Takahashi S Nagaoka A Takabayashi A Takahahsi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1998,21(8-9):1077-1080
Using Western blot analysis, here, we report the levels of HSP72 in several organs from goldfish which were taken into space on the NASA space shuttle. A remarkable accumulation of HSP72 was detected in muscle and spleen of those fish taken into space as compared with controls. These results suggested that the HSP72 induction is a kind of stress response at the molecular level introduced by the space environment consisting of microgravity and/or cosmic radiation as stressors. 相似文献
94.
X.H. Wei J.B. Cao G.C. Zhou H.S. Fu O. Santolík H. Rème I. Dandouras N. Cornilleau A. Fazakerley 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The whistler-mode waves and electron temperature anisotropy play a key role prior to and during magnetic reconnection. On August 21, 2002, the Cluster spacecrafts encountered a quasi-collisionless magnetic reconnection event when they crossed the plasma sheet. Prior to the southward turning of magnetospheric magnetic field and high speed ion flow, the whistler-mode waves and positive electron temperature anisotropy are simultaneously observed. Theoretic analysis shows that the electrons with positive temperature anisotropy can excite the whistler-mode waves via cyclotron resonances. Using the data of particles and magnetic field, we estimated the whistler-mode wave growth rate and the ratio of whistler-mode growth rate to wave frequency. They are 0.0016fce (Electron cyclotron frequency) and 0.0086fce, respectively. Therefore the whistler-mode waves can grow quickly in the current sheet. The combined observations of energetic electron beams and waves show that after the southward turning of magnetic field, energetic electrons in the reconnection process are accelerated by the whistler-mode waves. 相似文献
95.
Evans J.P.O. Robinson M. Godber S.X. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》1998,13(7):25-30
This paper presents recent results obtained from a 3-D image modelling technique utilising line-scan X-ray equipment. The resultant images have properties similar to those obtained from a volume rendered X-ray computed tomography (CT) system 相似文献
96.
S. Guo Y. TangJ. Zhu X. WangY. Yin H. FengW. Ai X. LiuL. Qin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(5):725-729
A CELSS Experimental Facility was developed two years ago. It contains a volume of about 40.0 m3 and a cultivating area of about 8.4 m2; its interior atmospheric parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, total pressure, lighting intensity, photoperiod, water content in the growing-matrix, CO2-added accumulative amount, O2-released accumulative amount and ethylene concentration are all controlled and logged automatically and effectively; its growing system consists of two rows of racks along its left-and-right sides separately, each side holds two upper-and-lower layers, and the vertical distance of each growing bed can be adjusted automatically and independently; lighting sources consist of both red (95%) and blue (5%) light-emitting diodes (LED), and the average lighting intensity of each lamp bank at 20-cm distance position under it, reaches to 255.0 μmol m−2 s−1. After that, demonstrating tests were carried out and were finally followed by growing lettuce in the facility. The results showed that all subsystems operated well and all parameters were controlled automatically and efficiently. The lettuce plants in the system could grow much well. Successful development of this system laid a necessary foundation for future larger-scale studies on CELSS integration technique. 相似文献
97.
For pt. IV see ibid., vol. 35, no. 1, p. 242-254 (1999). A multiple-model (MM) estimator with a variable structure, called likely-model set (LMS) algorithm, is presented, which is generally applicable to most hybrid estimation problems and is easily implementable. It uses a set of models that are not unlikely to match the system mode in effect at any given time. Different versions of the algorithm are discussed. The model set is made adaptive in the simplest version by deleting all unlikely models and activating all models to which a principal model may jump so as to anticipate the possible system mode transitions. The generality, simplicity, and ease in the design and implementation of the LMS estimator are illustrated via an example of tracking a maneuvering target and an example of fault detection and identification. Comparison of its cost-effectiveness with other fixed- and variable-structure MM estimators is given 相似文献
98.
J.F. Valdés-Galicia Y. Muraki K. Watanabe Y. Matsubara T. Sako L.X. Gonzalez O. Musalem A. Hurtado 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
The Sun provides unique opportunities to study particle acceleration mechanisms using data from detectors placed on the Earth’s surface and on board spacecrafts. Particles may gain high energies by several physical mechanisms. Differentiating between these possibilities is a fundamental problem of cosmic ray physics. Energetic neutrons provide us with information that keeps the signatures of the acceleration site. A summary of some representative solar neutron events observed on the Earth’s surface, including associated X and γ-ray observations from spacecrafts is presented. We discuss evidence of acceleration of particles by the Sun to energies up to several tens of GeV. In addition, a recent solar neutron event that occurred on September 7th 2005 and detected by several observatories at Earth is analyzed in detail. 相似文献
99.
Survey of maneuvering target tracking. Part I. Dynamic models 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
This is the first part of a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the techniques for tracking maneuvering targets without addressing the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. It surveys various mathematical models of target motion/dynamics proposed for maneuvering target tracking, including 2D and 3D maneuver models as well as coordinate-uncoupled generic models for target motion. This survey emphasizes the underlying ideas and assumptions of the models. Interrelationships among models and insight to the pros and cons of models are provided. Some material presented here has not appeared elsewhere. 相似文献
100.
Tracker design based on target perceivability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Theoretical design of a tracker with respect to the so-called target perceivability is presented. Basic rules and analytic formulas for the determination of tracker parameters are presented for making better tracking decisions (i.e., track initiation, confirmation, and termination) toward enhancing tracking performance. Simulation results are provided that support the theoretical design and demonstrate the enhancement of the tracker in tracking performance 相似文献