HMX的燃烧模型与燃烧化学

本文根据Ben Reuven和Caveny的工作,给出了HMX的燃烧模型。提出了两种燃烧化学以供选择。为了求得凝聚相和复杂程度不等的三种气相模型收敛解,作了若干简化假设。根据本文的计算结果断定,HMX的燃烧过程是由气相分解反应控制的;单纯使用催化法,难于大幅度提高燃速。为了计算方便,可以在守恒方程中不计质量扩散,但除了个别场合,一般来说,能量扩散不能忽略。     

Using the PROGRESS transport spacecraft in structure of the International Space Station for realization of scientific experiments under microgravity conditions

The problem is considered of using the PROGRESS transport spacecraft, which will deliver the payload on the ISS, as a free flying platform for realization of space experiments. For maintenance of the ISS 5-6 PROGRESS flights per year are planned. Usually after delivery of the payload the PROGRESS undocks from the ISS and burns down in the Earth atmosphere. However, the operating conditions of its onboard systems allow to prolong operation and to make free flight near to the station and repeatedly to be docked to it. It is offered to use this possibility for performing experiments on Material Science.     

毫米波雷达的目标探测系统

为了评估９４ＧＨｚ雷达在全杂波背景中自动检测目标的作用，本文阐述了进行了硬件和系统研制情况，已研制了几种用于野外试验的地基和机载测量雷达。这些系统的复杂性从简单，固态的碰撞雪崩渡越时间（ＩＭＰＡＴＴ）发射机／耿氏组件向具有扫描天线，双接收机和频率捷变的高功率脉冲雷达变化。人们感兴趣的雷达是由低空（３０～６０米）飞行的高速军事飞行器所运载的，且能高概率探测和辨别３公里处活动武装目标群的那种雷达。     

航天飞机的固体火箭发动机

本文介绍了航天飞机用的助推固体火箭发动机(SRM)。其类型分为三种:当前执行任务的标准SRM,空间飞行运输8号用的高性能SRM;以及计划在1985年飞行用的纤维缠绕壳体SRM。航天飞机的SRM是获得飞行状态中最大的固体推进剂发动机,其直径为146英寸,长度为125英尺,装有1111000磅固体推进剂,最大推力(真空条件下)为3115000磅力。在首次飞行前成功地进行了7次地面试车,随后的三次飞行试验满足了发动机的全部技术指标。计划提高航天飞机的性能,从东海岸发射的有效载荷达到65000磅,在西海岸发射时(极轨道)达到32000磅。航天飞机性能提高是由于:1.采用高性能的SRM使航天飞机的有效载荷增加3000磅。2.SRM使用纤维缠绕壳体结构使航天飞机的有效载荷增加6000磅。前者靠改变SRM的推力——时间曲线和提高喷管的膨胀比来实现;后者靠减少壳体的消极重量来实现。     

用于大型固体推进剂火箭发动机的独特点火系统试验

本文介绍了用于大型固体推进剂火箭发动机的组合式无喷管、无壳体点火器方案的设计、分析及试验结果。该点火方案的主要优点是可以把60%左右的点火器消极重量变成药柱有效载荷。点火系统的主装药由点火器周围的发动机前段装药所构成。这段装药又是发动机推进剂药柱的一部分,设计成象一个小的低压无喷管火箭发动机,给主发动机推进剂段提供足够的压力和热流输出以实现发动机点火。前段推进剂的点火由一个比较小的径向排气的BKNO_3烟火剂药片点火器来实现。试验计划需验证三个方面的设计问题:     

火箭发动点火器的MTV烟火药研究

本文叙述了 MTV(Magnesium-Teflon-Viton)烟火药的研究,其目的是为了研制和试验适用于火箭发动机点火器的配方。大量的热化学计算表明,组分比例和燃烧压力对 MTV 燃烧产物的热力学性能和组分有影响。用三种配方进行了热量、热分析、工艺和内弹道研究。配方中含有维通 A 4%及两种粒度的特氟隆。此配方满足密实要求。用压力范围在0.8～4.2MPa 的小型试验发动机进行管状药柱的点火试验。用含有镁58%MTV 的组分获得了非常良好的结果,其计算的燃烧产物中50%以上处于凝聚状态。在220 MPa 压力下这种密实的点火药的燃速定律为:γ(cm/sec)=1.69 P(MPa)~(0.22)在100 MPa 压力下密实,其燃速升高15%。用上述 MTV 烟火药制成的药柱进行了一系列的环境试验,并成功地用来点燃小型研究发动机及推进剂鉴定发动机。     

MX导弹第二级发动机

引言MX导弹第二级发动机用来提供飞行第二阶段的动力,以及飞行第一阶段和第二阶段的滚转控制力矩。MX导弹第二级发动机的直径为92英寸(2337毫米),长220.4英寸(5598毫米),毛重60234磅(27322公斤),其基本结构如图1所示。经过16个月的系统论证(SD)和头4个月的全尺寸工程研制(FSED),第二级发动机业已进行了优化,以便满足系统要     

用X射线系统检测三叉戟火箭发动机

洛克希德公司研制了一种X射线实时显像系统,用于检测海军C4三叉戟固体火箭发动机。此法比普通X射线系统检测更完全、更均匀、效率高且费用明显降低。这一看法为生产三叉戟导弹第一级发动机的赛奥科尔公司、生产该导弹第二、三级发动机的赫克利斯公司和航空喷气战术系统公司的实验所证明。航空喷气公司利用该系统检测了陆军的霍克导弹发动机和海军通用动力标准导弹发动机。     

Individual differences in susceptibility to motion sickness among six Skylab astronauts

One of the Skylab experiments dealt with motion sickness, comparing susceptibility in the workshop aloft with susceptibility preflight and postflight. Tests were conducted on and after mission-day 8 (MD 8) by which time the astronauts were adapted to working conditions. Stressful accelerations were generated by requiring the astronauts, with eyes covered, to execute standardized head movements (front, back, left, and right) while in a chair that could be rotated at angular velocities up to 30 rpm. The selected endpoint was either 150 discrete head movements or a very mild level of motion sickness. In all rotation experiments aloft, the five astronauts tested (astronaut 1 did not participate) were virtually symptom free, thus demonstrating lower susceptibility aloft than in preflight and postflight tests on the ground when symptoms were always elicited. Inasmuch as the eyes were covered and the canalicular stimuli were the same aloft as on the ground, it would appear that lifting the stimulus to the otolith organs due to gravity was an important factor in reducing susceptibility to motion sickness even though the transient stimuli generated under the test conditions were substantial and abnormal in pattern. Some of the astronauts experienced motion sickness under operational conditions aloft or after splashdown, but attention is centered chiefly on symptoms manifested in zero gravity. None of the Skylab-II crew (astronauts 1 to 3) was motion sick aloft. Astronaut 6 of the Skylab-III crew (astronauts 4 to 6) experienced motion sickness within an hour after transition into orbit; this constitutes the earliest such diagnosis on record under orbital flight conditions. The eliciting stimuli were associated with head and body movements, and astronaut 6 obtained relief by avoiding such movements and by one dose of the drug combination 1-scopolamine 0.35 mg + d-amphetamine 5.0 mg. All three astronauts of Skylab-III experienced motion sickness in the workshop where astronaut 6 was most susceptible and astronaut 4, least susceptible. The higher susceptibility of SL-III crewmen in the workshop, as compared with SL-II crewmen, may be attributable to the fact that they were based in the command module less than one-third as long as SL-II crewmen. The unnatural movements, often resembling acrobatics, permitted in the open spaces of the workshop revealed the great potentialities in weightlessness for generating complex interactions of abnormal or unusual vestibular and visual stimuli. Symptoms were controlled by body restraint and by drugs, but high susceptibility to motion sickness persisted for 3 days and probably much longer; restoration was complete on MD 7. From the foregoing statements it is clear that on and after MD 8 the susceptibility of SL-II and SL-III crewmen to motion sickness under experimental conditions was indistinguishable. The role played by the acquisition of adaptation effects prior to MD 8 is less clear and is a subject to be discussed.     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅱ 第一级喷管的先进材料

本文是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的三篇文章中的第二篇。第一篇文章于1977年4月在SAMPE季刊中发表(译文见“固体火箭技术”1978年第二期第99—105页),综述了MX导弹喷管对材料的要求,叙述了石墨材料的结构、性质和性能之间的关系。本文继续对MX的第一级和第二级发动机喷管所用先进材料进一步进行评价。