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131.
Helioseismology is practically the only efficient experimental way of probing the solar interior. Without it, the results of theoretical solar models would remain untested and, consequently, less reliable when applying them for investigating remote stars. Hence, having a firm understanding of the applicability and reliability of helioseismology and the awareness of its limits are essential in solar physics and also in astrophysics. One of the weaknesses of the currently popular helioseismic models is that they allow only limited interaction between the global acoustic oscillation modes and the magnetic lower solar atmosphere, although, observations confirm strong coupling of helioseismic oscillations to the atmospheric magnetic field. The present article overviews the attempts of taking into account atmospheric magnetic effects in the theoretical models of global solar oscillations.  相似文献   
132.
The New Horizons instrument named Ralph is a visible/near infrared multi-spectral imager and a short wavelength infrared spectral imager. It is one of the core instruments on New Horizons, NASA’s first mission to the Pluto/Charon system and the Kuiper Belt. Ralph combines panchromatic and color imaging capabilities with SWIR imaging spectroscopy. Its primary purpose is to map the surface geology and composition of these objects, but it will also be used for atmospheric studies and to map the surface temperature. It is a compact, low-mass (10.5 kg) power efficient (7.1 W peak), and robust instrument with good sensitivity and excellent imaging characteristics. Other than a door opened once in flight, it has no moving parts. These characteristics and its high degree of redundancy make Ralph ideally suited to this long-duration flyby reconnaissance mission.  相似文献   
133.
While most studies on space power systems target electricity generation as the energy product, industrialized nations also have a need for chemicals to support transportation and other purposes. This paper therefore describes an alternative target for the application of space power systems: the production of chemical fuels based on radiant energy beamed or reflected from orbiting platforms. If cost and efficiency targets can be achieved, Solar Thermochemical Plants—occupying a few square kilometers each—can potentially generate substantial quantities of transportation fuels, therefore enabling reductions in the consumption of petroleum and the emission of carbon dioxide. The specifics of the approach that are described in this paper include the concentration of radiant energy within ground-based systems so that high temperature heat is provided for thermochemical process networks. This scoping study includes the evaluation of various feedstock chemicals as input to the Solar Thermochemical Plant: natural gas, biomass and zero-energy chemicals (water and carbon dioxide); and the production of either hydrogen or long-chain hydrocarbons (i.e., Fischer–Tropsch fuels) as the Solar Fuel product of the plant.  相似文献   
134.
Spaceflight experiments involving biological specimens face unique challenges with regard to the on orbit harvest and preservation of material for later ground-based analyses. Preserving plant material for gene expression analyses requires that the tissue be prepared and stored in a manner that maintains the integrity of RNA. The liquid preservative RNAlater (Ambion) provides an effective alternative to conventional freezing strategies, which are limited or unavailable in current spaceflight experiment scenarios. The spaceflight use of RNAlater is enabled by the Kennedy space center fixation tube (KFT), hardware designed to provide the necessary containment of fixatives during the harvest and stowage of biological samples in space. Pairing RNAlater with the KFT system provides a safe and effective strategy for preserving plant material for subsequent molecular analyses, a strategy that has proven effective in several spaceflight experiments. Possible spaceflight scenarios for the use of RNAlater and KFTs are explored and discussed.  相似文献   
135.
Phoenix--the first Mars Scout mission   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Shotwell R 《Acta Astronautica》2005,57(2-8):121-134
NASA has initiated the first of a new series of missions to augment the current Mars Program. In addition to the systematic series of planned, directed missions currently comprising the Mars Program plan, NASA has started a series of Mars Scout missions that are low cost, price fixed, Principal [correction of Principle] Investigator-led projects. These missions are intended to provide an avenue for rapid response to discoveries made as a result of the primary Mars missions, as well as allow more risky technologies and approaches to be applied in the investigation of Mars. The first in this new series is the Phoenix mission which was selected as part of a highly competitive process. Phoenix will use the Mars 2001 Lander that was discontinued in 2000 and apply a new set of science objectives and mission objectives and will validate this soft lander architecture for future applications. This paper will provide an overview of both the Program and the Project.  相似文献   
136.
Liquid-propellant rocket engines are widely used all over the world, thanks to their high performances, in particular high thrust-to-weight ratio. The present paper presents a general panorama of liquid propulsion as a contribution of the IAF Advanced Propulsion Prospective Group.After a brief history of its past development in the different parts of the world, the current status of liquid propulsion, the currently observed trends, the possible areas of future improvement and a summarized road map of future developments are presented. The road map includes a summary of the liquid propulsion status presented in the “Year in review 2007” of Aerospace America.Although liquid propulsion is often seen as a mature technology with few areas of potential improvement, the requirements of an active commercial market and a renewed interest for space exploration has led to the development of a family of new engines, with more design margins, simpler to use and to produce associated with a wide variety of thrust and life requirements.  相似文献   
137.
本文介绍一种供数字波束形成X波段敏感蒙皮相控阵天线用的7.9~9.7GHz单片雷达接收机前端。这种敏捷单片接收机前端能够使自适应跳频雷达系统微波接收机模块的体积和成本显著减小。测量结果表明基本满足性能要求。  相似文献   
138.
Xuezhen  Wang  Robert  Weber  罗先志 《空载雷达》2006,(3):51-55
介绍了一种采用0.25um SiGe BiCMOS工艺集成的低压低功率X波段低噪声放大器(LNA),比较了此种放大器与IEEE 802.11a LNA的设计。X波段LNA和IEEE 802.11a LNA的工作频率分别为10GHz和5.8GHz。所设计的LNA都采用了相同的结构和电压,并耗费同量的电流。两种LNA都只需要1.5V的电压,消耗1.5mW的直流功率。两种电路的差异是它们有不同的输入与输出匹配和负载。本文介绍的LNA在10GHz时的电压增益为11.49dB,噪声系数(NF)为3.84dB,输入反射损失为-15.37dB,输出反射损失为-17dB,P1dB为-3.75dBm。在5.8GHz时的电压增益为16.07dB,噪声系数为3.07dB,输入反射损失为-18.1dB,输出反射损失为-15.23dB,P1dB为-6.54dBm。两电路的关键特征是:低压、低功率和良好的噪声匹配。频率为IOGHz和5.8GHz时,噪声系数与最小噪声系数之差分别只有0.03dB和0.05dB。验证了一种高频(X波段)低成本设计,与其他技术(如GaAs、SiBJT、JFET、PHMET和MESFET等)相比,它是在SiGe BiCMOS中设计的。  相似文献   
139.
The Urey organic and oxidant detector consists of a suite of instruments designed to search for several classes of organic molecules in the martian regolith and ascertain whether these compounds were produced by biotic or abiotic processes using chirality measurements. These experiments will also determine the chemical stability of organic molecules within the host regolith based on the presence and chemical reactivity of surface and atmospheric oxidants. Urey has been selected for the Pasteur payload on the European Space Agency's (ESA's) upcoming 2013 ExoMars rover mission. The diverse and effective capabilities of Urey make it an integral part of the payload and will help to achieve a large portion of the mission's primary scientific objective: "to search for signs of past and present life on Mars." This instrument is named in honor of Harold Urey for his seminal contributions to the fields of cosmochemistry and the origin of life.  相似文献   
140.
The role of convection in the core helium flash is simulated by two-dimensional eddies interacting with the thermonuclear runaway. These eddies are followed by the explicit solution of the 2D conservation laws with a 2D finite difference hydrodynamics code. Thus, no phenomenological theory of convection such as the local mixing length theory is required.Our core helium flash is violent, producing a deflagration wave. This differs from the detonation wave (and subsequent disruption of the entire star) produced in previous spherically symmetric violent core helium flashes as the second dimension provides a degree of relief which allows the expansion wave to decouple itself from the burning front. Our results predict that a considerable amount of helium in the core will be burned before the horizontal branch is reached and that some envelope mass loss is likely.  相似文献   
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