先进的声表面波-大规模集成频率合成器

快速跳频频率合成器是跳频式频谱展宽系统的关键部件。最近,TRW 已研制出最适合于上述用途的直接混频-分频频率合成器样机。该合成器产生的频率为1296兆赫到1536兆赫,步进间隔为3兆赫,能够以低于50毫微秒的速度进行频率转换。在整个设计中均采用声表面波和射频大规模集成器件来生产这种速度极快的小型合成器。     

用单站跟踪数据确定静止卫星轨道

用单个地面站跟踪静止卫星可获得两种跟踪数据,地面站的天线指向和距离。本文分析了用单站确定的卫星轨道参数与跟踪数据及其精度的关系。     

可延伸喷管出口锥的缩比级间分离加载试验

级间分离试验的目的是改善关于在收叠位置的可延伸喷管出口锥(以下简称“ENEC”)在级分离期间的受载情况予测。缩比的固体火箭试验发动机系统带有收叠的 ENEC 和模拟级间分离的试验设备。海平面实验数据由发动机的短时间静态点火中获得。试验测到的点火瞬变状态和初始条件被输入到计算机编码,以模拟级间分离影响,用于与试验数据进行比较。结果表明,级间段平均压力、发动机推力,以及两级的相对轴向位移相当接近。测量的级间压力峰值高于计算值10%,作用在 ENEC 内外表面上的最大平均压力差是5磅/英寸~2。在缩比的级间分离环境中,通过 ENEC 载荷和级间压力的明显波动,指出了与气体流动现象有关 ENCE重要的动态加载条件。     

ROSAT宽视场相机的污染与洁净

1990年6月1日由德、美、英三国联合研制的ROSAT卫星发射升空。英国在该项目中主要承担了远紫外线宽视场相机(XUV WFC)的任务。本文将描述在WFC研制生产过程中采取的洁净与污染控制措施,包括一些必要的设计方案,在组装、总装、测试过程中遇到的一些问题及获得的经验。本文讨论大量的污染问题、所采取的测量方法及得到的结论。这些方法和从中获取的经验会对以后研制对污染更敏感的项目起到十分实际的借鉴作用。     

离子镀机理

离子镀是应用于膜沉积工艺的一个常用术语。在该工艺中,基材表面和/或沉积膜受到高能粒子流的作用,足以导致在界面区域或膜与未经轰击沉积情况相比诸多性质的改变。离子镀正是取代溅射沉积、真空蒸发和电镀的一种涂层新工艺。为了对各种沉积技术恰当地选用,有必要了解有关离子镀的基本机理。该文评述了当采用离子镀时,低能离子轰击对表面、界面的形成以及膜的生长的影响。离子镀的许多问题目前仍不明确,因而希望通过呼吁引起对这些问题的重视,科研工作者和工艺学家们能把较多的精力投向研究和控制离子镀工艺。     

多目标跟踪研究

一、绪言本项研究的目的在于确定使用配备单面相控天线阵的数字测量雷达(DIR)的经济现实性。选择了一种目标模型和作战场面作为研究对象,然后确定最佳雷达几何使所需扫描角度和所需的功率孔径减到最小。根据给定的雷达——目标几何和假定的所需精密度,导出了雷达功率孔径积。然后根据发射机功率和阵面尺寸的相对成本高低选择最佳结构。最后确定了对DIR所需进行的改装,并估算了系统成本。     

Increased urinary excretion rates of serotonin and metabolites during bedrest

Astronauts are often on a voluntarily reduced energy intake during space missions, possibly caused by a metabolic or emotional stress response with involvement of the central serotonergic system (SES). We investigated 24 h urinary excretion (24 h-E) of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindol acidic acid as indicators of the SES in healthy males under two different normocaloric conditions: normal physical activity (NPA) and -6 degree head-down-tilt (HDT). HDT or NPA were randomly arranged with a recovery period of 6 months in between. 24 h-E of hormones varied widely among individuals. Values were higher in HDT compared to NPA. Assuming that the 24 h-E values are, beside being indicators for alterations in the number and metabolism of platelets. Also indicators of central SES, HDT condition seems to activate central SES in a higher degree compared to NPA. Therefore, changes in central SES might be involved in the mechanisms associated with space flight or microgravity, including possible maladaptations such as voluntary undernutrition.     

Vanguard--a European robotic astrobiology-focussed Mars sub-surface mission proposal

We present a new European Mars mission proposal to build on the UK-led Beagle2 Mars mission and continue its astrobiology-focussed investigation of Mars. The small surface element to be delivered to the Martian surface--Vanguard--is designed to be carried by a Mars Express-type spacecraft bus to Mars and adopts a similar entry, descent and landing system as Beagle2. The surface element comprises a triad of robotic devices--a lander, a micro-rover of the Sojourner class for surface mobility, and three ground-penetrating moles mounted onto the rover for sub-surface penetration to 5 m depth. The major onboard instruments on the rover include a Raman spectrometer/imager, a laser plasma spectrometer, an infrared spectrometer--these laser instruments provide the basis for in situ "remote" sensing of the sub-surface Martian environment within a powerful scientific package. The moles carry the instruments' sensor head array to the sub-surface. The moles are thus required to undergo a one-way trip down the boreholes without the need for recovery of moles or samples, eliminating much of the robotic complexity invoked by such operations.     

Immobilization induces a very rapid increase in osteoclast activity

We studied in a randomized, strictly controlled cross-over design, the effects of 6 days 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest (HDT) in eight male healthy subjects in our metabolic ward. The study consisted of two periods (phases) of 11 days each in order to allow for the test subjects being their own controls. Both study phases were identical with respect to environmental conditions, study protocol and diet. Two days before arriving in the metabolic ward the subjects started with a diet. The diet was continued in the metabolic ward. The metabolic ward period (1l days) was divided into three parts: 4 ambulatory days, 6 days either HDT or control and 1 recovery day. Continuous urine collection started on the first day in the metabolic ward to analyze calcium excretion and bone resorption markers. On the 2nd ambulatory day in the metabolic ward and on the 5th day in HDT or control blood was drawn to analyze serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and bone formation markers. Urinary calcium excretion was, as early as the first day in immobilization, increased (p<0.01). CTX- and NTX-excretion stayed unchanged in the first 24 h in HDT compared to the control. But already on the 2nd day of immobilization, both bone resorption markers significantly increased. We conclude from these results--pronounced rise of bone resorption markers--that already 24 h of immobilization induce a significant rise in osteoclast activity in healthy subjects. Thus, it appears possible to use short-term bed rest studies as a first step for the development of countermeasures to immobilization.