Future NASA spaceborne SAR missions

Two Earth-orbiting radar missions are planned for the near future by NASA-Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and LightSAR. The SRTM will fly aboard the Shuttle using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) to provide a global digital elevation map. SRTM is jointly sponsored by NASA and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA). The LightSAR will utilize emerging technology to reduce mass and life-cycle costs for a mission to acquire SAR data for Earth science and civilian applications and to establish commercial utility. LightSAR is sponsored by NASA and industry partners. The use of IFSAR to measure elevation is one of the most powerful and practical applications of radar. A properly equipped spaceborne IFSAR system can produce a highly accurate global digital elevation map, including cloud-covered areas, in significantly less time and at significantly lower cost than other systems. For accurate topography over a large area, the interferometric measurements can be performed simultaneously in physically separate receive systems. Since LightSAR offers important benefits to both the science community and US industry, an innovative government-industry teaming approach is being explored, with industry sharing the cost of developing LightSAR in return for commercial rights to its data and operational responsibility. LightSAR will enable mapping of surface change. The instrument's high-resolution mapping, along with its quad polarization, dual polarization, interferometric and ScanSAR modes will enable continuous monitoring of natural hazards, Earth's surface deformation, surface vegetation change, and ocean mesoscale features to provide commercially viable and scientifically valuable data products. Advanced microelectronics and lightweight materials will increase LightSAR's functionality without increasing the mass. Dual frequency L/X-band designs have been examined     

小卫星星座自主定轨的论证与仿真

在建立星座自主定轨条件方程的基础上,对其求解的可行性进行了分析、论证和仿真计算。结果表明：在仅考虑一阶摄动理论的情况下,升交点赤经总是秩亏的,即使考虑更精密的摄动模型,其条件方程也近似病态。其它根数在很多情况下也有相关性。因此,为了最大限度地满足自主定轨的要求,在星座结构设计时应尽量考虑不同类型轨道的卫星。     

Graviperception in ciliates: steps in the transduction chain.

Ciliates represent suitable model systems to study the mechanisms of graviperception and signal transduction as they show clear gravity-induced behavioural responses (gravitaxis and gravikinesis). The cytoplasm seems to act as a "statolith" stimulating mechanosensitive ion channels in the cell membrane. In order to test this hypothesis, electrophysiological studies with Stylonychia mytilus were performed, revealing the proposed changes (de- or hyperpolarization) depending on the cell's spatial orientation. The behaviour of Paramecium and Stylonychia was also analyzed during variable acceleration conditions of parabolic flights (5th German Parabolic Flight Campaign, 2003). The corresponding data confirm the relaxation of the graviresponses in microgravity as well as the existence of thresholds of graviresponses, which are found to be in the range of 0.4xg (gravikinesis) and 0.6xg (gravitaxis).     

DNA structures and radiation injury.

In the present paper experimental results from radiobiological investigations of the sedimentation behaviour of damaged and restored DNA-subunits attached to the nuclear membrane have been summarized. The studies were carried out preferably with Chinese Hamster cells V79-4 irradiated with different kinds of radiation (gamma-rays, neutrons and carbon ions) using the nucleoid sedimentation technique. Single-strand breaks relax the supercoiled DNA in the subunits resulting in a decreased sedimentation velocity. Rejoining leads to a correct restoration of the structure as can be studied by means of postincubation irradiation. Double-strand breaks release DNA fragments, again leading to an increased sedimentation velocity. If the average number of the induced double-strand breaks per subunit increases to a number higher than one, the measured results suggest that the structures should not be restored completely. The results are compatible with a new repair model developed in our laboratory on the assumption that, firstly, the single DNA subunits are the sensitive target rather than the whole DNA and, secondly, the repair of DNA damage takes place independently in each subunit.     

Protozoa as model systems for the study of cellular responses to altered gravity conditions.

The orientation behavior of Paramecium changed in a similar way after transition to conditions of free-fall in a sounding rocket and after transition to conditions of simulated weightlessness on a fast rotating clinostat. After a period of residual orientation, Paramecium cells distributed themselves randomly 80 s (120 s) after onset of free-fall (simulated weightlessness). Swimming velocity increased significantly; however, the increase was transient and subsided after 3 min in the rocket experiments, while the velocity remained enhanced even during 2 h of rotation on a fast clinostat. Trichocysts were present and without morphological changes in Paramecium cells which had been exposed to a rocket flight, as well as to fast or slow rotation on a clinostat. Regeneration of the oral apparatus of Stentor and morphogenesis of Eufolliculina proceeded normally on the clinostat. The results demonstrate that the clinostat is a useful tool to simulate the conditions of weightlessness on earth and to detect gravisensitive cellular functions.     

准一维传热下冷面绝热边界材料对隔热试验结果的影响

为评估冷面绝热边界对试验结果的影响,在充分验证测控系统可控性和试验方法稳定性的基础上,分别以柔性隔热毡、刚性隔热瓦和纳米隔热材料为冷面绝热边界,对陶瓷纤维刚性隔热材料进行500℃、3 000s的石英灯热辐射考核试验,并利用迭代绝热边界当量热导率的方法对试验结果进行了模拟计算和分析。结果表明,以柔性隔热毡为冷面绝热边界时隔热材料的冷面温度最高,刚性隔热瓦和纳米隔热材料为冷面绝热边界时则冷面温度较低且相近,3者间最大相对偏差高达19.0%。模拟计算证实由冷面绝热边界材料引起的接触热阻对试验结果起到了决定性作用,而不简单地取决于绝热边界材料的隔热性能。     

Cr12MoV钢电火花辅助铣削实验研究

以典型难切削金属材料Cr12MoV模具钢为研究对象，使用ABAQUS对其在电火花放电条件下温度场进行数值模拟，在不同进给率下对其进行传统铣削和电火花辅助铣削对比试验。借助高速摄像机、扫描电镜和测力计等设备，对其切削力特征、表面形貌和刀具磨损进行了对比分析研究。结果表明，电火花辅助铣削的切削力比传统铣削降低28.57%~51.47%，表面粗糙度降低2/3。与传统铣削相比，电火花辅助铣削在降低切削力、提高表面质量和减少刀具磨损方面具有显著优势。