排序方式: 共有65条查询结果,搜索用时 125 毫秒
31.
Brian Thomson 《西南航空》2007,111(4):66-69
田东霖(田燕子)现在经常回忆起94年夏天从成都出发的中国最长河流的南源头探险经历。这个想法出自她的一个朋友,他曾在8年前探历这条河的其他源头。或许他们就是进入这片遥远之地的先行者。 相似文献
32.
Brian E. Wood 《Space Science Reviews》2006,126(1-4):3-14
Exposure to the solar wind can have significant long term consequences for planetary atmospheres, especially for planets such
as Mars that are not protected by global magnetospheres. Estimating the effects of solar wind exposure requires knowledge
of the history of the solar wind. Much of what we know about the Sun’s past behavior is based on inferences from observations
of young solar-like stars. Stellar analogs of the weak solar wind cannot be detected directly, but the interaction regions
between these winds and the interstellar medium have been detected and used to estimate wind properties. I here review these
observations, with emphasis on what they suggest about the history of the solar wind. 相似文献
33.
This paper examines Nobel Prize Winner Elinor Ostrom's principles for sustainable governance of common-pool resources (CPR), capturing the best practices of CPRs over the years, which avoid the “Tragedy of the Commons” without being either completely privatized or controlled by a Leviathan entity. Ostrom's principles highlight, inter alia, the need for clear boundary definitions, rules tailored to fit the domain, who has a say in formulation of collective-choice agreements and operational rules, monitoring of behavior, graduated penalties, and conflict resolution mechanisms. In the context of the space domain they highlight issues such as the definition of where space begins, gaps in the existing liability regime, the concept of collaborative space situational awareness, and how best to include emerging and developing space actors in negotiations and decision making. The paper concludes that Ostrom's principles highlight specific areas on which to focus initial space sustainability efforts and national and international policy. It also recommends further analysis into how best to translate her principles to the space domain, where they may not be wholly applicable because of the unique nature of space, and how to evolve space governance institutions and mechanisms to best suit the unique environment of outer space. 相似文献
34.
Jolaine M Wilson Gabriel S. Krigsfeld Jenine K. Sanzari Erika B. Wagner Rosemarie Mick Ann R. Kennedy 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Animal models are frequently used to assist in the determination of the long- and short-term effects of space flight. The space environment, including microgravity, can impact many physiological and immunological system parameters. It has been found that ground based models of microgravity produce changes in white blood cell counts, which negatively affects immunologic function. As part of the Center of Acute Radiation Research (CARR), we compared the acute effects on white blood cell parameters induced by the more traditionally used animal model of hindlimb unloading (HU) with a recently developed reduced weightbearing analog known as partial weight suspension (PWS). Female ICR mice were either hindlimb unloaded or placed in the PWS system at 16% quadrupedal weightbearing for 4 h, 1, 2, 7 or 10 days, at which point complete blood counts were obtained. Control animals (jacketed and non-jacketed) were exposed to identical conditions without reduced weightbearing. Results indicate that significant changes in total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts were observed within the first 2 days of exposure to each system. These differences in blood cell counts normalized by day 7 in both systems. The results of these studies indicate that there are some statistically significant changes observed in the blood cell counts for animals exposed to both the PWS and HU simulated microgravity systems. 相似文献
35.
Leo Hebert III Brian A. Tinsley Limin Zhou 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Small changes in extended winter (November–March) 500 hPa vorticity area index (VAI) values for the 60–80°N latitude band are shown to be positively correlated with changes in a proxy for the high latitude ionosphere-to-surface current density Jz. 相似文献
36.
Brian OLeary 《Acta Astronautica》1979,6(11):1467-1480
Earth-approaching asteroids (Apollos and Amors) may be competitive candidates as raw materials for space manufacturing. The total energy per unit mass required to transfer material from some of these bodies to high Earth orbit is comparable to that for lunar material. Recent optical studies suggest ordinary and carbonaceous chondrite compositions for these asteroids, with some containing large quantities of metallic iron and nickel, and others, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Discoveries of several new candidate asteroids over the next few years will allow for a better selection of materials and mission possibilities. Material from one of these asteroids, either in raw or manufactured form, could be returned to the vicinity of the Earth by a solar-powered mass-driver reaction engine. With a requirement of ~60 shuttle flights, and with minimal development costs, an automated mission to a 200-m dia. (107 ton) metal-rich asteroid could be carried out by a mass-driver tug assembled in low Earth orbit using shuttle tankage as reaction mass. Such a tug could, within a few years, move the asteroid into high Earth orbit for the manufacturing of ~ 20 satellite power stations using a portion of the asteroid itself as reaction mass. In the next few years over 100 asteroids in this size range could be discovered, orbits determined and composition types classified using existing earthbased and spaceborne search techniques. 相似文献
37.
Peter W. A. Roming Thomas E. Kennedy Keith O. Mason John A. Nousek Lindy Ahr Richard E. Bingham Patrick S. Broos Mary J. Carter Barry K. Hancock Howard E. Huckle S D. Hunsberger Hajime Kawakami Ronnie Killough T Scott Koch Michael K. Mclelland Kelly Smith Philip J. Smith Juan Carlos Soto Patricia T. Boyd Alice A. Breeveld Stephen T. Holland Mariya Ivanushkina Michael S. Pryzby Martin D. Still Joseph Stock 《Space Science Reviews》2005,120(3-4):95-142
The Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) is one of three instruments flying aboard the Swift Gamma-ray Observatory. It is designed to capture the early (∼1 min) UV and optical photons from the afterglow of gamma-ray
bursts in the 170–600 nm band as well as long term observations of these afterglows. This is accomplished through the use
of UV and optical broadband filters and grisms. The UVOT has a modified Ritchey–Chrétien design with micro-channel plate intensified
charged-coupled device detectors that record the arrival time of individual photons and provide sub-arcsecond positioning
of sources. We discuss some of the science to be pursued by the UVOT and the overall design of the instrument. 相似文献
38.
39.
Mason G.M. Gold R.E. Krimigis S.M. Mazur J.E. Andrews G.B. Daley K.A. Dwyer J.R. Heuerman K.F. James T.L. Kennedy M.J. LeFevere T. Malcolm H. Tossman B. Walpole P.H. 《Space Science Reviews》1998,86(1-4):409-448
The Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer (ULEIS) on the ACE spacecraft is an ultra high resolution mass spectrometer designed
to measure particle composition and energy spectra of elements He-Ni with energies from ∼45 keV nucl−1 to a few MeV nucl−1.
ULEIS will investigate particles accelerated in solar energetic particle events, interplanetary shocks, and at the solar wind
termination shock. By determining energy spectra, mass composition, and their temporal variations in conjunction with other
ACE instruments, ULEIS will greatly improve our knowledge of solar abundances, as well as other reservoirs such as the local
interstellar medium. ULEIS is designed to combine the high sensitivity required to measure low particle fluxes, along with
the capability to operate in the largest solar particle or interplanetary shock events. In addition to detailed information
for individual ions, ULEIS features a wide range of count rates for different ions and energies that will allow accurate determination
of particle fluxes and anisotropies over short (∼few minutes) time scales.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
40.
We examine means for driving hydrothermal activity in extraterrestrial oceans on planets and satellites of less than one Earth mass, with implications for sustaining a low level of biological activity over geological timescales. Assuming ocean planets have olivine-dominated lithospheres, a model for cooling-induced thermal cracking shows how variation in planet size and internal thermal energy may drive variation in the dominant type of hydrothermal system-for example, high or low temperature system or chemically driven system. As radiogenic heating diminishes over time, progressive exposure of new rock continues to the current epoch. Where fluid-rock interactions propagate slowly into a deep brittle layer, thermal energy from serpentinization may be the primary cause of hydrothermal activity in small ocean planets. We show that the time-varying hydrostatic head of a tidally forced ice shell may drive hydrothermal fluid flow through the seafloor, which can generate moderate but potentially important heat through viscous interaction with the matrix of porous seafloor rock. Considering all presently known potential ocean planets-Mars, a number of icy satellites, Pluto, and other trans-neptunian objects-and applying Earth-like material properties and cooling rates, we find depths of circulation are more than an order of magnitude greater than in Earth. In Europa and Enceladus, tidal flexing may drive hydrothermal circulation and, in Europa, may generate heat on the same order as present-day radiogenic heat flux at Earth's surface. In all objects, progressive serpentinization generates heat on a globally averaged basis at a fraction of a percent of present-day radiogenic heating and hydrogen is produced at rates between 10(9) and 10(10) molecules cm(2) s(1). 相似文献