固定阵地防空——陆/空军的共同任务

由于所有的北约欧洲机场都在苏联的打击范围内,加之苏联人在飞机和武装直升机方面占有明显的优势,使得机场和其它战略固定阵地有可能成为敌方企图压制北约空中力量,削弱其后勤和C~3Ⅰ(指挥、控制、通信和情报)能力时的“软目标”.     

可延伸喷管出口锥的缩比级间分离加载试验

级间分离试验的目的是改善关于在收叠位置的可延伸喷管出口锥(以下简称“ENEC”)在级分离期间的受载情况予测。缩比的固体火箭试验发动机系统带有收叠的 ENEC 和模拟级间分离的试验设备。海平面实验数据由发动机的短时间静态点火中获得。试验测到的点火瞬变状态和初始条件被输入到计算机编码,以模拟级间分离影响,用于与试验数据进行比较。结果表明,级间段平均压力、发动机推力,以及两级的相对轴向位移相当接近。测量的级间压力峰值高于计算值10%,作用在 ENEC 内外表面上的最大平均压力差是5磅/英寸~2。在缩比的级间分离环境中,通过 ENEC 载荷和级间压力的明显波动,指出了与气体流动现象有关 ENCE重要的动态加载条件。     

Cell morphological, ontogenic, and genetic reactions to 0-g simulation and hyper-g

Organisms use gravity for spatial orientation, and differentiation into species during evolution follows geological processes which are caused by gravity. On the other hand, the task of most organismic functions which have or may have a relation to gravity is to compensate gravity. Furthermore, today it is very obvious that organisms do not disintegrate under the conditions of weightlessness, at least for the currently tested durations. These previous statements indicate a large field of still unknown regulation and adaptation mechanisms. Experiments to simulate weightlessness on the fast clinostat and with hyper-g show a highly developed ability of the genetic chain and of differentiating cells in being autonomous against mechanical stresses caused by outer accelerations. Nevertheless, different strong and slight changes of different tested end points were found. The question remains if the cells react actively or only passively.     

火箭发动机的爆破压力预估

本文用弹性——塑性和简单的不稳定性理论预估火箭发动机壳体的爆破压力。而材料的特性经验地用修正的Ramberg-Osgood的公式表示。当发动机壳体达到塑性不稳定时,就发生爆破。对发动机壳体的静态和动态两种情况进行了分析。在静态情况下,推出了爆破压力方程的显式。对于飞行状态,爆破压力是不显示地从一个超越方程的根而得出。分析计算基于如下假设:在发动机壳体最薄的断面产生破裂,如在平行的部位或圆盖形的端部。这个理论得到了验证,与试验结果极为吻合。对于特定的发动机壳体而言,预估的爆破压力的误差在3％之内。在专用设备上静态模拟飞行条件。     

石英晶体和石英谐振器的非线性特性述评

石英晶体的非线性特性几乎是使谐振器和振荡器产生频率不稳定的总根源。虽然固有的和感应的非线性具有相同的量级,但还是有可能将两者加以区别。非线性引起两种不同的现象:一个有限幅度的波在非线性介质中的传播,或一个小幅度的波在非线性应变介质中的传播。谐波产生、幅频效应、相互调制是与第一类型有关的现象。它们取决于晶体的各向异性和几何形状,也取决于波的结构。对外部或内部扰动的灵敏性,是高频波和由扰动感应产生的准静态变形之间非线性耦合的结果。对温度、力、压力、加速度和电场的灵敏性都在进行研究,以便能应用于高稳定振荡器和传感器。描述晶体振荡的另一种方法是应用点阵波和声子的概念。这样一个微观模型,使我们能够借助于晶体非谐性引起的声子相互作用(有限的导热性、热膨胀、声衰减、速度变化等)进行单一的描述。     

变换波登管式仪表的传压介质而导致的固有失准

大量的波登管结构的仪表,存在着一个特有的问题。由于它的存在,使这些仪表的准确度受到了很大的影响,但仪表的制造厂和用户几乎都没有注意到它。在研究这个问题本身之前,先分析一下     

遥测的过去现在和将来

本文回顾了二十年前的遥测技术,与目前的技术作了比较,并对将来的遥测作出了推测。评述的内容包括:遥测系统的特性、设备的单元价格、遥测在过去、目前的应用情况以及未来可能获得的应用。本文中关键的字眼是“选择”。二十年前,用户在设备和技术方面都没有什么选择的余地,但现在的技术提供了一个广泛的选择范围;有迹象表明,今后在性能、价格以及遥测作为数据采集和处理手段方面会有更广泛的选择。     

MERIS光谱仪与成像通道

MERIS光谱仪是一种用于欧空局ENVISAT-1卫星上的推扫式中等分辨率光谱成像仪。其对地观测的光谱范围为400-1050um,天底点处空间分辨率为26m,刈幅度为1500km,主要提供海洋和陆地信息。 MERIS光谱仪有6台相机,呈扇形并置在一起,视场角可达82° 该光谱仪独特之处在于能够根据地面指令在整个光谱范围内选择窄谱段的位置和宽度,一共可选择15个谱段,带宽在1.25-30nm之间。 本文详细介绍该光谱成像仪的关键部件,如光谱仪的光学系统,配有超薄背光照明CCD、工作温度为-25℃的焦面机构,低噪声视频模拟装置及信号12bits数字化。     

跟踪和数据中继卫星系统的多址接收相控阵系统

30单元相控阵是中继卫星系统中所采用的新型多址方案的基础,这种相控阵利用了远地波束形成和多址信号方案。系统综合设计提出了一种控制校正方案,该方案相当于动态系统的现代估算理论,它减小了自适应控制的复杂性,又保证了所需要的精度。系统动态模型基于跟踪数据计算出来的用户星星历,外推(propa-gation)最佳权矢(旦力)的“开环”估值。由一个采样数据闭环自适应控制系统定期更新波束控制矢量,消除参数漂移和模型误差,使权矢量大致保持最佳状态。虽然有可能有一定程度的抗干扰能力,但这种方案主要用于特定的无干扰环境。     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.