Deep Impact: Working Properties for the Target Nucleus – Comet 9P/Tempel 1

In 1998, Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was chosen as the target of the Deep Impact mission (A’Hearn, M. F., Belton, M. J. S., and Delamere, A., Space Sci. Rev., 2005) even though very little was known about its physical properties. Efforts were immediately begun to improve this situation by the Deep Impact Science Team leading to the founding of a worldwide observing campaign (Meech et al., Space Sci. Rev., 2005a). This campaign has already produced a great deal of information on the global properties of the comet’s nucleus (summarized in Table I) that is vital to the planning and the assessment of the chances of success at the impact and encounter. Since the mission was begun the successful encounters of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft at Comet 19P/Borrelly and the Stardust spacecraft at Comet 81P/Wild 2 have occurred yielding new information on the state of the nuclei of these two comets. This information, together with earlier results on the nucleus of comet 1P/Halley from the European Space Agency’s Giotto, the Soviet Vega mission, and various ground-based observational and theoretical studies, is used as a basis for conjectures on the morphological, geological, mechanical, and compositional properties of the surface and subsurface that Deep Impact may find at 9P/Tempel 1. We adopt the following working values (circa December 2004) for the nucleus parameters of prime importance to Deep Impact as follows: mean effective radius = 3.25± 0.2 km, shape – irregular triaxial ellipsoid with a/b = 3.2± 0.4 and overall dimensions of ∼14.4 × 4.4 × 4.4 km, principal axis rotation with period = 41.85± 0.1 hr, pole directions (RA, Dec, J2000) = 46± 10, 73± 10 deg (Pole 1) or 287± 14, 16.5± 10 deg (Pole 2) (the two poles are photometrically, but not geometrically, equivalent), Kron-Cousins (V-R) color = 0.56± 0.02, V-band geometric albedo = 0.04± 0.01, R-band geometric albedo = 0.05± 0.01, R-band H(1,1,0) = 14.441± 0.067, and mass ∼7×10¹³ kg assuming a bulk density of 500 kg m⁻³. As these are working values, {i.e.}, based on preliminary analyses, it is expected that adjustments to their values may be made before encounter as improved estimates become available through further analysis of the large database being made available by the Deep Impact observing campaign. Given the parameters listed above the impact will occur in an environment where the local gravity is estimated at 0.027–0.04 cm s⁻² and the escape velocity between 1.4 and 2 m s⁻¹. For both of the rotation poles found here, the Deep Impact spacecraft on approach to encounter will find the rotation axis close to the plane of the sky (aspect angles 82.2 and 69.7 deg. for pole 1 and 2, respectively). However, until the rotation period estimate is substantially improved, it will remain uncertain whether the impactor will collide with the broadside or the ends of the nucleus.     

A lightning swept stroke model: A valuable tool to investigate the lightning strike to aircraft

In the context of lightning strike on the Dassault Falcon family of aircraft, the standard zoning of Falcon 50, 900 and 2000, inferred from FAA and EUROCAE WG31 documents [US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Advisory Circular AC 20-53A, 1985; US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Advisory Circular AC 20-53B, Draft, 1991; EUROCAE WG 31, Aircraft Lightning Zoning Standard, ED-91, 1998], has been presented. Zoning proves to be quite similar between the three types of aircraft. Thanks to the feed-back on lightning strikes to Falcon, lightning traces have been observed on the fuselage for different flight conditions and aircraft. Observations are compared with the zoning performed by Dassault. A physical model, developed by ONERA, was used to simulate the sweeping of lightning on the fuselage of a Falcon 900. The results are in good agreement with the lightning traces observed on the fuselages.     

A319飞机APU启动故障可靠性调查

本文对A319飞机131-9A型APU启动不正常事件进行可靠性调查,对APU启动故障统计分析,对影响启动的部件采取如下措施:老式启动保险6KA质量差主动更换且飞机上配备6KA;启动马达-3构型降级为-2以提高寿命,后续再升级至更高寿命的-4构型;执行改装加长启动线路以降低启动电流;点火激励器软时限控制定期拆下送厂检测。通过针对性措施,有效减少了APU启动不正常事件的发生。     

TA2/Ni+Nb中间层/1Cr18Ni9Ti扩散焊接头的组织与性能

采用50μm纯Ni箔+10μm纯Nb箔复合中间层,在焊接温度840℃,880℃和920℃,压力4MPa以及保温时间60min的工艺下,对工业纯钛TA2和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行了真空扩散焊实验,测试了接头的抗拉强度,并利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)对接头的组织结构、元素分布以及断口形貌和相组成进行了分析。结果表明:Ni+Nb复合中间层的存在成功阻止了Fe,Ti互扩散,实现了TA2与1Cr18Ni9Ti的可靠连接,接头的拉伸强度达到261MPa,该强度主要受剩余Ni箔控制,且焊接温度的变化对其影响不大。接头所生成反应层自不锈钢一侧起分别为FeCrNi固溶体、剩余Ni,Ni3Nb,剩余Nb以及TiNb魏氏体。     

基于ARM下VxWorks的嵌入式车载图形系统设计

为了实现嵌入式车载系统设计,采用软硬件协同设计技术路线。研究了基于ARM9的S3C2410处理器为核心的嵌入式车载软件的运行机制,包括系统硬件初始化,VxWorks操作系统内核的配置与装载,Vxworks下的LCD显示技术和触摸屏控制技术的应用实现车载仪表信息的显示与交换功能,并通过VxWorks多任务的进行控制。通过实验测试,系统随时进行车载娱乐、自主导航、信息查询等功能。方案实时性好,操作方便。     

SiO2f/SiO2复合材料自身及其与铜、不锈钢的钎焊

采用AgCuTi活性钎料,在880℃/10min规范下成功实现了SiO2f/SiO2自身、SiO2f/SiO2与Cu和SiO2f/SiO2与1Cr18Ni9Ti三种接头的连接。实验结果表明,三种接头中靠近SiO2f/SiO2母材的界面处均形成了一层薄薄的扩散反应层组织,反应层中出现了Ti和O的富集,根据两者的原子比例推断生成了TiO2相;另外,三种接头中心区都形成了由灰色相和白色相共同组成的Ag-Cu共晶组织,其中灰色相为Cu基固溶体,白色相为Ag基固溶体。接头剪切强度结果显示,SiO2f/SiO2/Cu接头剪切强度为12.4MPa,SiO2f/SiO2/1Cr18Ni9Ti接头剪切强度为18.4MPa,接头中的残余应力是决定接头强度大小的重要因素之一。     

应力比对不锈钢焊接接头疲劳寿命的影响研究

针对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢薄板焊接接头,开展了高周疲劳性能测试,研究了应力比对其疲劳极限和疲劳寿命S-N曲线的影响。结果表明应力比对疲劳寿命有较大的影响,在最大应力一定的情况下,应力比越大其疲劳寿命越大。基于试验结果,得到了反映应力比影响的0Cr18Ni9不锈钢薄板焊接接头Goodman修正和Walker修正的高周疲劳寿命预测模型。模型的预估寿命和试验数据对比表明,Walker修正模型对疲劳寿命的预测结果全部处于1.0倍分散带以内,其更能反映应力比对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢薄板焊接接头疲劳寿命的影响。     

缺口件疲劳寿命预测新方法

采用有限元方法针对缺口件多轴疲劳实验结果进行模拟。结果表明,相同路径条件下,随着缺口半径减小缺口根部附近的应力梯度显著增加。基于缺口根部应变值,采用等效应变法进行疲劳寿命预测,预测结果随缺口半径的减小而偏于保守。采用应力梯度法确定有效距离,相同路径下,随着缺口半径的减小有效距离减小;依据该有效距离处的等效应变进行疲劳寿命预测,总体预测结果较为分散且偏于不安全。基于实验及有限元模拟结果,提出了基于应变梯度的有效距离确定的新方法,大部分疲劳寿命预测结果位于2倍分散带内。     

基于LBM-LES方法的多段翼型流场数值模拟

运用Lattice Boltzmann(LB)方法与Large Eddy Simulation(LES)结合的方法数值模拟研究了二维翼型绕流流场,其中,粒子速度模型采用D2Q9模型,松弛时间中对应的湍流粘性系数由Smagorinsky模型计算,网格生成方法采用无网格技术。对NACA0012翼型进行数值模拟,验证其有效性;为进一步研究其模拟复杂物体绕流的能力,以三段翼型30P30N为研究对象进行数值研究,计算出了给定攻角条件下的气动特性,并与实验值进行比较。计算结果表明,LBM-LES方法的计算结果能够与实验值一致,是一种可行、有效且较新的数值模拟方法。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti 对接管接头表面缺陷分析

对接管接头采用1Cr18Ni9Ti 棒材生产,经过机械加工后与相同牌号管材焊接,焊接后酸洗发现

零件表面存在缺陷。通过对失效件缺陷形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相分析及显微硬度测试,并结合酸洗试验。

结果表明:对接管接头材料内部存在沿变形流线的贫铬区,导致该区域的耐蚀性差,在机加工的过程中贫铬区

暴露在表面或近表面,在酸洗过程中该区域被优先腐蚀,形成了蚀孔类宏观缺陷,此贫铬现象为原材料缺陷。