动态真空校准装置的设计

动态真空校准装置由供气系统、抽气系统、校准系统、烘烤系统、测控及分析系统五部分组成。利用快开超高真空插板阀与限流元件组合的方法,在20ms至1s的时间范围内实现标准压力105Pa至100Pa范围的瞬态阶跃变化。采用稀薄流下DSMC法与连续流下Navier-Stokes方程相结合的模型,确定快速膨胀过程中标准压力时间常数。动态真空校准装置预计达到的技术指标为校准范围10-1Pa～105Pa,合成标准不确定度小于15%。     

比对法真空计量标准装置的研制

比对法真空计量标准装置是一种结构简单、操作方便、检定效率高、实用性强的二等真空标准装置。主要技术要求完全符合国际标准化组织(ISO)和国内有关真空标准的规定,尤其适用于真空计量二级站和一些基层单位大量常规校准,校准范围为10~5～10~(-4)Pa,总不确定度小于10％。在10~(-4)Pa范围内,压力的稳定度好于1％,在1～10~5Pa范围内,压力的稳定度好于0.5％。该标准装置的极限压力达10~(-6)pa。     

正压漏孔校准装置的不确定度评定

介绍了正压漏孔校准装置的不确定度评定。该装置是一种校准气体漏率的计量标准 ,可采用定容法和定量气体动态比较法对正压漏孔进行校准 ,校准范围为 (1 0 2 ～ 5× 1 0 -5 )Pa·L/s。     

正压漏孔校准装置的设计

正压漏孔校准装置是一种校准气体漏率的计量标准设备 ,可采用定容法和定量气体动态比较法对正压漏孔校准 ,校准范围为 10 2～ 5× 10 - 5 Pa· L /s。该文介绍正压漏孔校准装置的校准原理 ,设计方法 ,参数选取。     

国防真空计量“八五”课题技术领先

<正> 近日,国防科工委真空计量一级站承担的国防真空计量"八五"课题——动态流量法超高真空标准装置、金属膨胀式真空计量标准和程控式真空规校准装置在五院510所通过了部级技术鉴定。动态流量法超高真空标准装置主要用于超高真空的校准,解决了国防系统尤其是航天系统对超高真空校准的需求,     

一种新的动态压力校准装置

介绍了最新研制的动态压力传感器频率特性连续校准装置.该装置既可作为正弦压力校准装置使用,也可作为扫频测量装置对压力传感器进行扫频测量,直接获得压力传感器的幅频特性和相频特性曲线,从而达到对动态压力传感器频率特性连续校准的目的.装置单频测量压力幅值比与扫频测量压力幅值比的误差低于±1％,相位误差低于±0.5°.装置的扫频频率范围为(0.1～10 000)Hz,工作压力范围为(0.25～10)MPa.     

激光目标模拟器功率现场校准装置

激光探测设备被广泛应用于精确瞄准、捕获、跟踪系统中,在其投入使用前,需要进行多次仿真测试。激光目标模拟器是激光探测设备仿真测试时使用的重要仿真设备,但是具有体积大、不易搬运的特点。本文设计了一种激光目标模拟器现场功率校准装置。该校准装置由光阑、聚焦光学系统、能量探测单元、时域探测单元、二维位移机构、微型转台和控制软件等组成。校准装置可现场对1.064μm、峰值功率范围(10^-5～10^-1)W的激光目标模拟器功率稳定性及均匀性进行准确、快速校准,功率稳定性及均匀性测量不确定度均小于8%（k=2）,从而为激光目标模拟器提供计量保障。     

小孔流导法材料放气率测量装置的设计

介绍了小孔流导法测量真空材料放气率的原理和测量装置的设计方案。该装置由真空抽气系统、流导法测量系统、压力测量与质谱分析系统等三部分组成,设计的核心思想是采用对称的双测试室结构设计,可以精确测量测试室和分离规等带来的本底吸放气影响,并可实现实时、动态测量。装置的测量范围为(1×10-7~1×10-14)Pa.m3/(s.cm2),温度测试范围为45℃~500℃,极限真空度为5×10-8Pa。     

振动传感器的微加速度动态校准

阐述了高灵敏度振动传感器在超低频微小加速度下进行动态校准的校准装置工作原理、校准方法 ,分析了其校准不确定度。该装置采用曲率半径为 10m的虚拟摆结构 ,从较强的环境干扰噪声中利用数字滤波技术成功地拾检微弱振动信号 ,使微小标准加速度获得复现。该装置可在 (0 .0 0 1～ 0 .1)Hz超低频率范围内和 (1× 10 -6～ 1× 10 -2 )m s2 微小加速度范围内实现高准确度激光绝对校准和比较法校准 ,其校准不确定度达 0 .5%。     

LaBr3(Ce)元件破损在线监测关键核素确定及效率校准

常用的元件破损在线监测方法受外在因素影响较大，以γ能谱中关键裂变产物核素比活度进行在线定量分析是一种可靠的元件破损监测方法。针对新型LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪，设计了元件破损模拟实验，对逸出的裂变产物采用HPGe和LaBr₃(Ce)探测器进行了对比测量。通过不同冷却时间γ能谱的核素分析，确定了¹³⁵Xe，⁸⁸Kr，¹³⁸Xe，⁸⁸Rb，¹³⁸Cs等可作为LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损γ能谱监测的关键核素。同时，制备了覆盖能量范围(250～2 400)keV，含⁶⁰Co，¹³⁷Cs，¹³³Ba；²⁴¹Am，¹⁵²Eu；¹⁰⁹Cd，⁸⁸Y，⁵⁷Co及²⁴Na的4组放射性标准溶液，在建立的效率校准系统上，校准了LaBr₃(Ce)在线监测仪的效率。在反应堆一次异常情况分析中，已校准的LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪对关键核素的现场分析结果与HPGe的取样分析结果一致，表明效率校准结果准确，校准方法可靠。     

First results of plasma and neutral gas measurements from Vega-1/2 near comet Halley

Based on the ion, electron and neutral gas observations, performed by five of the six sensors comprising the PLASMAG-1 experiment on board VEGA-1 and -2, the following results are discussed: (1) the existence of the bow shock and its location at 1.1×10⁶ km for VEGA-1 inbound; (2) the existence of a cometopause and its location at 1.6×10⁵ km for VEGA-2 inbound; (3) the plasma dynamical processes occurring inside the cometosheath; (4) the phenomena taking place within the cometary plasma region including mass-spectroscopy of cometary ions at distances 1.5×10⁴ km; (5) the existence of keV electrons near closest approach to the nucleus; and (6) the radial dependence of the cometary neutral gas and the comparison with model calculations, yielding a mean ionization scale length of 2×10⁶ km and an overall production rate of 1.3×10³⁰ molecules s⁻¹ for VEGA-1 inbound. The results are also discussed in the context of the other, both remote and in-situ, observations, performed on board the VEGA- and GIOTTO-spacecraft.     

X-ray filaments in cluster cooling flows

ROSAT HRI images were obtained for two clusters of galaxies which contain strong cooling flows, A2029 and 2A0335+096. These observations confirm that gas is cooling at rates of in A2029 and in 2A0335+096. In both clusters, the X-ray emission from the inner cooling flow regions (r 100 kpc) is very inhomogeneous, with the X-ray surface brightness being dominated by a number of X-ray emitting filaments. Using the crude spectral resolution of the HRI, we show that these filaments are the result of excess emission, rather than foreground X-ray absorption. Although there are uncertainties in the pointing, many of the X-ray features in the cooling flow region of 2A0335+096 correspond to features in H optical line emission. This indicates that the 10⁴ K gas originates through the cooling of hot X-ray emitting gas. The gas is the filaments is too dense to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and it is likely that other forces such as rotation, turbulence, and magnetic fields influence the dynamical state of the gas. The filaments may be supported in part by magnetic fields and may be connected with the filaments of very strong Faraday rotation seen in several nearly cooling flows.     

溅射靶对离子推力器的热辐射影响研究

为了研究真空环境设备内溅射靶温度升高后对30cm离子推力器的热辐射影响，采用有限元分析的方法，首先对真空舱内的离子推力器羽流分布进行了模拟，在获得羽流对溅射靶造成的温度变化后，进一步分析了溅射靶温度升高对离子推力器温度以及栅极热形变位移所造成的影响。仿真结果显示，推力器羽流可采用定向分子流模型进行描述，羽流在真空舱内的扩散过程中几乎没有能量损失；30cm离子推力器工作时真空舱内大部分区域的气体压强在2×10^-3~6×10^-3 Pa；在溅射靶影响下，推力器加速栅和屏栅中心温度分别为352℃和440℃，边缘温度分别为342℃和411℃，屏栅和加速栅的间距缩小量由无溅射靶影响时的0.560mm增加到0.585mm；试验结果显示，加速栅和屏栅边缘温度分别为364℃和385℃，与仿真结果的比对误差均为6%，溅射靶后部羽流气体的温度测试值高于计算值约50℃，误差主要由于模拟中忽略了羽流粒子的能量沉积效应。     

Meteorites in Antarctica — Statistics on falls, concentration, recovery and alteration on ice-sheet

The Antarctic meteorites are distributed on the blue-ice area surfaces in the ablation zone of the Antarctic ice-sheet, to where meteorites have been transported by the ice-flow within the ice-sheet from the wider accumulation zone. Among the Antarctic meteorite collection H- and L-chondrites are most abundant; this is also true in the non-Antarctic meteorite collection. Meteorite showers also are involved in the collection. Several new types of stony meteorites have been discovered from the Antarctic meteorite collection. The mass and shape of Antarctic meteorites are in agreement with those of resultant fragments of high-speed impact basaltic rocks. In Antarctica, small fragments of meteorite smaller than 1 kg in weight can easily be found and collected. The solidification and the gas retention ages of Antarctic meteorites also are concentrated around 4.5×10⁹ years, but some of them are considerably younger. Their cosmic-ray exposure ages are extended up to 9×10⁶ years and their terrestrial ages are 9×10⁴-7×10⁵ years.     

一种高压孔板气体大流量校准技术研究

建立一种高压孔板气体大流量校准装置,解决了增压输送系统高压孔板流量系数计量难题。该装置可实现最高压力30MPa,最大质量流量18000kg/h（氮气）的气体流量检测,不确定度为0.5%（k=2）。     

Hot atoms in cosmic chemistry

High energy chemical reactions and atom molecule interactions might be important for cosmic chemistry with respect to the accelerated species in solar wind, cosmic rays, colliding gas and dust clouds and secondary knock-on particles in solids. “Hot” atoms with energies ranging from a few eV to some MeV can be generated via nuclear reactions and consequent recoil processes. The chemical fate of the radioactive atoms can be followed by radiochemical methods (radio GC or HPLC). Hot atom chemistry may serve for laboratory simulation of the reactions of energetic species with gaseous or solid interstellar matter. Due to the effective measurement of 10⁸–10¹⁰ atoms only it covers a low to medium dose regime and may add to the studies of ion implantation which due to the optical methods applied are necessarily in the high dose regime.

Experimental results are given for the systems: C/H₂O (gas), C/H₂O (solid, 77 K), N/CH₄ (solid, 77K) and C/NH₃ (solid, 77 K). Nuclear reactions used for the generation of 2 to 3 MeV atoms are: ¹⁴N(p, ) ¹¹C, ¹⁶O(p, pn) ¹¹C and ¹²C(d,n) ¹³N with 8 to 45 MeV protons or deuterons from a cyclotron. Typical reactions products are: CO, CO₂, CH₄, CH₂O, CH₃OH, HCOOH, NH₃, CH₃NH₂, cyanamide, formamidine, guanidine etc. Products of hot reactions in solids are more complex than in corresponding gaseous systems, which underlines the importance of solid state reactions for the build-up of precursors for biomolecules in space. As one of the major mechanisms for product formation, the simultaneous or fast consecutive reactions of a hot carbon with two target molecules (reaction complex) is discussed.     

基于遗传基因算法的中子能谱解谱程序研究

中子能谱解谱是制约中子能谱测量技术发展的瓶颈。遗传基因算法是人工智能领域一种全局收敛算法。通过探讨遗传基因算法在中子解谱领域的应用，基于遗传基因算法开发了中子能谱解谱程序，在多球谱仪中子能谱测量中取得了较好的结果。利用多球谱仪测量了²⁴¹Am-Be中子源和²⁵²Cf中子源中子能谱，与ISO8529推荐的标准谱进行了比较，验证了遗传基因算法解谱结果的可靠性。     

泵阀联合EHA效率设计仿真分析

分析了泵阀联合电动静液作动器(EHA,Electrical Hydraulic Actuator)效率的影响因素,提出了降低油源压力设计值以提高效率的方法.针对泵阀联合EHA的工作特点,在负载相同的条件下,对伺服阀和定量泵的输出流量、损耗流量变化、作动系统整体效率变化进行了分析,并分析了油源压力设计值变化对系统主要性能参数的影响.相对于常规阀控系统设计,在一定范围内降低油源压力设计值的方法可提高液压系统总效率,减少流量损耗引起的功率损耗.系统快速性提高,稳定性增强,抗扰动能力下降,因而系统效率设计要兼顾性能综合进行.以弹性负载为对象的作动系统仿真计算验证了设计方法的可行性.