WR技术的发展与应用

本文介绍一种在精密时钟同步协议(PTP)的基础上发展而来的新技术——WR技术(White…Rabbit,白兔)。WR联合同步以太网以及双混频时差法测量手段,通过对主从时钟间链路环路延迟的不间断高精度的测量,后以测量结果对从时钟的时钟信息进行动态校准,主从时钟的同步精度达到亚纳秒甚至皮秒级。文章先引出WR的发展历史,以及WR中所包含的主要技术,并介绍目前WR在某些科学领域所发挥的作用,最后提出WR未来在其他领域的应用。     

IEEE1588v2透明时钟研究与实现

主从时钟同步通过普通交换机时,时间同步精度降低且不稳定。为了解决该问题,引入IEEE1588v2中提出透明时钟模型。本文介绍了IEEE1588v2中透明时钟的相关内容,在研究透明时钟基本原理及模型的基础上,提出并实现了在商用交换机上的一种时钟同步扩展方案。为了验证透明时钟的性能,建立模拟真实环境测试平台。测试结果表明在不同的网络背景流量下,透明时钟都能很好地解决非对称延迟及延迟抖动问题,使主从时钟同步精度达到纳秒量级。     

星载开关电源的电磁干扰抑制技术

电磁干扰（EMI）抑制技术是保证航天器各功能单元正常运行互不干扰的重要技术。开关电源是航天器内电磁干扰的主要来源。基于对星载开关电源DC/DC和负载点电源POL电磁干扰特性的测试结果,提出了一种星载二次电源系统的电磁干扰抑制方案,采用高稳晶振+控制器+时钟管理芯片硬件与软件设计结合的方法,利用高稳晶振为电源模块提供稳定时钟,通过控制器实现时钟管理芯片的分频和时钟分配。系统以非同步方式上电,软件控制时钟管理芯片输出电源模块同步时钟,然后软件打开时钟同步的使能,实现星载开关电源（DC/DC和POL）开关频率的外同步,最后通过测量输出电压频谱的方法验证了电磁干扰抑制方案的有效性。     

同步式GPS欺骗干扰信号生成技术研究与设计

出于对"低、慢、小"无人机进行导航定位诱骗的实际需求，在实验室原有的异步生成式GPS欺骗干扰源的基础上，研制了一种小型化的同步生成式GPS欺骗干扰源。首先，在异步生成式GPS欺骗干扰源射频信号模型的基础上，考虑到干扰源信号处理延时、欺骗信号的传播延时、无人机上目标接收机所接收真实卫星信号状态以及无人机运动模型，建立了对同步欺骗信号仿真时间和状态参数进行精确计算的数学模型。其次，通过本地授时型接收机提供驯服后的基准时钟和秒脉冲（1PPS）信号，实现欺骗干扰信号与真实卫星信号系统时的同步，并通过高阶直接数字频率合成（DDS）技术精确控制信号参数、保证欺骗信号到达目标接收机接收天线相位中心时与真实信号的相位状态在成功诱骗所允许的误差范围之内。最后，通过商用接收机和无人机进行了实验验证，在无人机上目标接收机正常跟踪真实卫星信号的前提下，开启同步生成式GPS欺骗干扰源发射欺骗信号，能够使目标接收机逐渐偏离正常定位测速结果而产生受控的定位测速结果。结果验证了同步信号模型和所设计同步信号生成电路的正确性，且表明同步生成式GPS欺骗干扰源能够实现对商用接收机和无人机导航定位的诱骗。      

S／DB系统同步定时器的设计

同步定时器是ＣＤＡＳＳ／ＤＢ系统的重要部件。它用高精度数字锁相环,精确地恢复地球同步气象卫星原始云图数据采集的同步基准信息。数字锁相环由用高速器件组成的相位比较器和用计算机软件实现的滤波器构成,采用标准频率计数方式,完成对精太阳脉冲（ＳＰ）和数字太阳——扫描同步检出（ＳＳＤ）的锁相及星上时钟频率测量等任务。微机还兼作Ｓ／ＤＢ系统管理机。     

激光时间同步

介绍了利用激光测距技术进行时间同步的各种可行方法,包括地面同步系统和卫星同步系统。还介绍了如何利用搬运钟测量激光时间同步精度及测量结果如何评定。     

利用GPS技术实现中国VLBI网高精度时频同步技术方案

就利用GPS技术实现中国VLBI网的高精度时频同步技术方案和其在天文学(天体物理、天体测量)、大地测量学、地球动力学(地球自转速率变化、地极移动、地壳形变、板块运动、地震)、空间科学和行星科学、时间频率比对及广义相对论检验等科学领域的重要应用进行了论证和介绍。     

混合系统等步长仿真时钟同步方法及性能评价

通过对一类混合系统仿真中的连续系统、离散事件系统及推理决策系统各自仿真时钟的分析,得出了推理决策系统仿真依赖于其他2个系统的结果,继而提出了用其中的离散事件系统仿真时钟去同步具有等步长策略的连续系统仿真时钟的等步长方法,并给出了相应的软件实现方法与性能评价准则,解决了该类混合系统仿真时钟的同步问题,从而为该类混合系统的仿真提供理论依据.      

基于ADS的接收机码元同步算法实现

数字通信系统中,码元同步对于实现信号的准确判决码元和降低系统误码率起着关键作用。介绍了在ADS仿真环境下实现16QAM接收机码元同步算法。采用的定时误差提取算法消除了传统算法在16QAM系统中引起的时钟抖动问题,实现了接收信号和发送信号同步。并对该算法在ADS环境下进行了仿真,仿真结果表明该算法实现了码元同步的功能,并对干扰有较强的抵抗能力。     

基于伪距差分增强的分布式节点时间同步方法

传统时频同步方法维持分布式节点之间同步的精度较高，但并不适用于空间非接触节点的时频同步问题.本文提出一种基于伪距差分增强的时间同步方法，给出了系统原理和基本组成，运用总体最小二乘法解算分布式节点的先验钟差信息，并利用卡尔曼滤波构建了主从节点间的时间同步算法模型.仿真校验与结果分析显示，相比独立GPS授时同步，本文提出的系统同步算法能够提高空间分布式节点同步精度，在基线距离平均为25km的条件下，可将节点同步精度控制在亚纳秒量级.      

CPT铯原子钟微波信号源设计与分析

CPT原子钟由于其体积小、功耗低等优点广泛应用于通信、导航及数据传输等领域。本文采用数字锁相倍频的方法,根据CPT铯原子钟对微波信号的需求设计了一种中心频率为4 596MHz的信号源,并对其输出信号的相位噪声进行了分析。经测试,信号源电路尺寸为30mm×50mm,功耗小于200mW,输出微波功率范围为（-20~-5）dBm,输出信号噪声与理论分析相符,杂散抑制满足设计要求,调制信号频率为500Hz,可用于CPT铯原子钟。     

Design and experiment of onboard laser time transfer in Chinese Beidou navigation satellites

High-precision time synchronization between satellites and ground stations plays the vital role in satellite navigation system. Laser time transfer (LTT) technology is widely recognized as the highest accuracy way to achieve time synchronization derived from satellite laser ranging (SLR) technology. Onboard LTT payload has been designed and developed by Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, and successfully applied to Chinese Beidou navigation satellites. By using the SLR system, with strictly controlling laser firing time and developing LTT data processing system on ground, the high precise onboard laser time transfer experiment has been first performed for satellite navigation system in the world. The clock difference and relative frequency difference between the ground hydrogen maser and space rubidium clocks have been obtained, with the precision of approximately 300 ps and relative frequency stability of 10E−14. This article describes the development of onboard LTT payload, introduces the principle, system composition, applications and LTT measuring results for Chinese satellite navigation system.     

Analysis of GNSS clock prediction performance with different interrupt intervals and application to real-time kinematic precise point positioning

Continuous and timely real-time satellite orbit and clock products are mandatory for real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP). Real-time high-precision satellite orbit and clock products should be predicted within a short time in case of communication delay or connection breakdown in practical applications. For prediction, historical data describing the characteristics of the real-time orbit and clock can be used as the basis for performing the prediction. When historical data are scarce, it is difficult for many existing models to perform precise predictions. In this paper, a linear regression model is used to predict clock products. Seven-day GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) final clock products sampled at 30 s are used to analyze the characteristics of GNSS clocks. It is shown that the linear regression model can be used as the prediction model for the satellite clock products. In addition, the accuracy of the clock prediction for different satellites are analyzed using historical data with different periods (such as 2 and 10 epochs). Experimental results show that the accuracy of the clock with the linear regression prediction model using historical data with 10 epochs is 1.0 ns within 900 s. This is higher accuracy than that achieved using historical data of 2 epochs. Finally, the performance analysis for real-time kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) is provided using GFZ final clock prediction results and state space representation (SSR) clock prediction results when communication delay or connection breakdown occur. Experimental results show that the positioning accuracy without prediction is better than that with prediction in general, whether using the final clock product or the SSR clock product. For the final clock product, the positioning accuracy in the north (N), east (E), and up (U) directions is better than 10.0 cm with all visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 15.0 cm to 7.0 cm. For the SSR clock product, the positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions is better than 12.0 cm with visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 12.0 cm to 9.0 cm.     

THE APPLICATION OF SATELLITE POSITIONING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CHINA

Satellite positioning technology has been widely used in all kinds of military and civil land, marine, space and aeronautical target positioning tasks, naviga tion activities and accurate surveying measurements since 90 s in the last cen tury due to its advantage in providing all-weather, real-time, three dimensional and high precision positioning information, as well as speed and accurate timing information. By now, it has already formed a new hi-tech industry basically.This paper briefly reviews the development of the global satellite positioning and navigation technologies including the basic information of China's "Plough navigation system", introduces the history of satellite positioning technology and its major application fields as well as the status quo of this being industri alized trade in China, gives an account of the writers' vision for the application and prospect of the satellite positioning technologies in China, and approaches the tactics and stresses of the satellite positioning technology's application and its industrialization future in China.     

Enhancing the kinematic precise orbit determination of low earth orbiters using GPS receiver clock modelling

Clock error estimation has been the focus of a great deal of research because of the extensive usage of clocks in GPS positioning applications. The receiver clock error in the spacecraft orbit determination is commonly estimated on an epoch-by-epoch basis, along with the spacecraft’s position. However, due to the high correlation between the spacecraft orbit altitude and the receiver clock parameters, estimates of the radial component are degraded in the kinematic approach. Using clocks with high stability, the predictable behaviour of the receiver oscillator can be exploited to improve the positioning accuracy, especially for the radial component. This paper introduces two GPS receiver clock models to describe the deterministic and stochastic property of the receiver clock, both of which can improve the accuracy of kinematic orbit determination for spacecraft in low earth orbit. In particular, the clock parameters are estimated as time offset and frequency offset in the two-state model. The frequency drift is also estimated as an unknown parameter in the three-state model. Additionally, residual non-deterministic random errors such as frequency white noise, frequency random walk noise and frequency random run noise are modelled. Test results indicate that the positioning accuracy could be improved significantly using one day of GRACE flight data. In particular, the error of the radial component was reduced by over 40.0% in the real-time scenario.     

Comprehensive outage compensation of real-time orbit and clock corrections with broadcast ephemeris for ambiguity-fixed precise point positioning

The main challenge in real-time precise point positioning (PPP) is that the data outages or large time lags in receiving precise orbit and clock corrections greatly degrade the continuity and real-time performance of PPP positioning. To solve this problem, instead of directly predicting orbit and clock corrections in previous researches, this paper presents an alternative approach of generating combined corrections including orbit error, satellite clock and receiver-related error with broadcast ephemeris. Using ambiguities and satellite fractional-cycle biases (FCBs) of previous epoch and the short-term predicted tropospheric delay through linear extrapolation model (LEM), combined corrections at current epoch are retrieved and weighted with multiple reference stations, and further broadcast to user for continuous enhanced positioning during outages of orbit and clock corrections. To validate the proposed method, two reference station network with different inter-station distance from National Geodetic Survey (NGS) network are used for experiments with six different time lags (i.e., 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, 30 s, 45 s and 60 s), and one set of data collected by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is also used. The performance of LEM is investigated, and the troposphere prediction accuracy of low elevation (e.g., 10–20degrees) satellites has been improved by 44.1% to 79.0%. The average accuracy of combined corrections before and after LEM is used is improved by 12.5% to 77.3%. Without LEM, an accuracy of 2–3 cm can be maintained only in case of small time lags, while the accuracies with LEM are all better than 2 cm in case of different time lags. The performance of simulated kinematic PPP at user end is assessed in terms of positioning accuracy and epoch fix rate. In case of different time lags, after LEM is used, the average accuracy in horizontal direction is better than 3 cm, and the accuracy in up direction is better than 5 cm. At the same time, the epoch fix rate has also increased to varying degrees. The results of the UAV data show that in real kinematic environment, the proposed method can still maintain a positioning accuracy of several centimeters in case of 20 s time lag.     

基于RBF神经网络的自适应PID星钟热控制

星钟的频率稳定性决定了星钟提供时间信息的精度,而频率稳定性取决于星钟物理核心温度的稳定程度.基于RBF神经网络逼近星钟热模型,设计自适应PID控制方法实现星钟物理核心的温度控制.仿真验证了算法的有效性.     

可移动式六极束管型铯原子钟

描述了一种可移动式铯原子钟的设计和性能。该装置可断续或连续运行,结构独特、潜力较大,在一定使用环境下,主要技术指标达到了国外商品铯钟相应的先进水平。     

CPT原子钟微波信号的设计和分析

根据被动型相干布居囚禁原子钟对微波信号的要求,利用小数分频锁相环技术实现了微波频率综合,并通过优化环路带宽得到最佳的输出相噪。测试结果表明:3 417 MHz微波输出在100 Hz处的相位噪声达到-80 dBc;中心频率±50 kHz范围内的杂散抑制达到54 dB,都接近于理论值。将产生的微波用于所研制的CPT原子钟,获得频率稳定度达到1 000 s内6×10-11-1/2,为目前国外商品钟水平。