综合热力学模型的平流层飞艇上升轨迹优化

针对平流层飞艇的上升轨迹优化问题,综合热力学模型进行了研究.主要分析了飞艇基本热力学行为,研究了蒙皮及内部气体的能量方程并建立了详细的飞艇动力学和运动学模型.在热力学、动力学和运动学分析的基础上,建立了以飞行时间为优化目标的平流层飞艇的轨迹优化模型.利用直接配点法将轨迹优化问题转化为非线性优化问题,再通过非线性求解器SNOPT(Sparse Nonlinear Optimizer)对不同场景的问题进行最优化轨迹求解.优化结果表明:热力学效应对优化轨迹有较大影响,在上升过程中,太阳能辐射为主要影响因素,另外风场也对换热量有一定影响.     

微小型无人直升机避障最优轨迹规划

针对无人直升机在低空复杂环境下避障飞行问题,提出了一种基于非线性最优控制理论的求解策略.以避障机动飞行时间为优化目标,无人直升机六自由度非线性动力学方程为等式约束,直升机飞行性能限制以及三维空间中障碍物限制等因素为不等式约束,建立了避障机动飞行的最优控制模型.然后利用高斯伪谱法（GPM,Gauss Pseudospectral Method）将轨迹规划问题转化为非线性规划（NLP,Non-Linear Programming）问题,并采用序列二次规划算法进行求解.在此基础上研究了障碍物尺寸对最优轨迹的影响.计算结果表明,该方法能够以较高的精度生成真实可行的避障飞行轨迹,最优机动动作取决于障碍物纵横向尺寸比.      

太阳帆航天器行星际轨道转移优化算法

研究基于遗传算法的太阳帆行星际转移轨道的全局优化问题.通过极小值原理推导了太阳帆全局优化控制律,并以太阳帆飞行时间最短为优化目标函数,运用遗传算法对发射时间、到达时间和协态变量初值进行参数优化设计.为了解决轨道转移这一多约束优化问题,在遗传算法中加入动态罚函数.在此理论基础上作了从地球同步轨道出发到火星同步轨道转移和从地球出发与火星交会两个算例,仿真结果表明了该方法在太阳帆转移轨道全局优化中的有效性.     

基于地形匹配的直升机低空飞行前视告警方法

为解决直升机低空飞行时的防撞告警问题,提出一种利用地形匹配来修正直升机与地形之间相对位置误差的前视告警方法。首先,利用直升机飞行动力学模型预测逃逸轨迹,在此基础上生成告警边界。然后,将机载地形数据库与雷达探测的高程数据从空域变换到频域,通过基于互功率谱算法的地形匹配方法计算得到直升机与地形的相对位置误差,以获取二者之间的准确相对位置。由于地形匹配效果受地形起伏程度影响,采用地形熵选择匹配区域方法在进行地形匹配前筛除地形起伏较小的匹配区域,以此提高匹配准确度。最后,基于UH-60直升机飞行动力学模型设置了1 000组对照算例进行告警方法仿真测试。仿真结果表明:采用所提告警方法的测试组相比于常规告警方法,虚警率降低约16%,告警成功率提高近30%。说明所提的前视告警方法能够有效实现直升机低空飞行防撞告警。      

气动力辅助椭圆轨道转移技术研究

研究了两种共面椭圆轨道最优转移方法--基于单纯推力的双脉冲对称转移和基于气动力辅助变轨技术的协同机动方法。推导了双脉冲对称转移问题中转移椭圆轨道的求解公式,采用遗传算法求解最优变轨点位置,给出了变轨脉冲的计算方法。将气动力辅助对称转移过程分为3段：真空飞行段、大气飞行段、真空飞行段。以能量最小为性能指标,将大气飞行段轨迹优化问题转化为标准最优控制问题模型,并利用Gauss伪谱法进行求解,得到“巡航+滑行+巡航+滑行”的大气最优飞行轨迹。最后对两种转移方法进行详细比较,指出初始椭圆轨道近地点越接近大气层,气动力辅助对称转移方法比双脉冲对称转移方法越节省能量。     

运载火箭推力故障下轨迹在线重规划方法

针对运载火箭非入轨飞行段出现动力系统故障的问题,提出了一种基于能量最优的在线轨迹重规划方法。通过参考轨迹进行引力项的凸化以及根据故障时刻和故障程度的不同设置不同的飞行时长,同时采用无损凸化、线性化和梯形离散等方法,将原始最优控制问题转化为可以采用原对偶内点法迭代求解的二阶锥规划问题,重新规划其飞行轨迹。仿真结果表明该算法能有效提高运载火箭应对突发故障的能力,实现轨迹在线快速收敛,满足动力系统故障后飞行轨迹重构需求。     

升力体飞行器能量近似最优倾斜转弯飞行策略

升力体飞行器返回地球大气层内时受到热流、动压及过载等约束条件,为使得飞行器在倾斜转弯飞行过程中能量损失最小,需要研究一种能量最优的倾斜转弯机动飞行策略。本文的主要研究内容包括:从再入动力学模型出发,分析了升力体飞行器倾斜转弯的弹道特性,推导了终端速度与倾斜转弯幅度相关的解析解,提出了一种多约束条件下能量近似最优的倾斜转弯飞行策略;为进一步验证飞行策略的能量近似最优性,建立了能量最优的非线性轨迹优化模型,通过高斯伪谱法进行求解,获得能量最优的飞行轨迹。仿真结果表明,该飞行策略与优化方法获得的结果高度一致,并且该方法求解效率更高,工程应用性更强。      

机载对地观测飞行轨迹设计与对比分析

针对机载对地观测载机长时间匀速直线飞行时分布式位置姿态测量系统(POS)姿态误差随时间积累的问题,基于载机有效机动能够提高分布式POS系统可观测度进而提高系统估计精度的思想,设计并对比多种机动方式下分布式POS系统的估计精度,并对机动后分布式POS系统进入测区前的滤波估计稳定时间、直线飞行成像时长和全球定位系统(GPS)基线长度进行了测试。仿真结果表明,设计的飞行轨迹能够提高成像段运动参数的测量精度,可为机载对地观测最优飞行轨迹的选择和设计提供理论指导。     

美丽的星际风筝

<正>2010年5月21日,日本在发射黎明号金星探测器时还搭载放飞了耗资15亿日元(1600万美元)的"太阳辐射加速星际风筝"(简称"伊卡洛斯")的太阳帆航天器,以检验是否能够利用太阳能实现加速飞行。日本宇宙探索局6月10日称,在距地球约770万千米的太空,通过转动直径1.6米、高0.8米的圆柱形机体,利用离心力,"伊卡洛斯"已成功展开了折叠收藏在机体外侧的14平方米的薄膜帆。6月15日,从太阳帆中心机     

航天器气动力辅助轨道转移轨迹优化问题研究

针对航天器共面及异面气动辅助轨道转移的轨迹优化问题,利用高斯拟谱法将原始连续两点边值问题离散化并转化为等价的非线性规划问题,应用SNOPT算法对此非线性规划问题进行求解．同时分析了对应于不同变轨角度时大气内飞行轨迹、飞行速度以及热流峰值的变化规律．     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.