异面构型太阳能电池阵展开轨迹优化

简要介绍异面构型太阳能电池阵的构型及其展开过程.由于动力学耦合作用的存在,异面构型太阳能电池阵的展开运动会对飞行器的姿态产生影响,根据对系统角动量守恒方程的分析,采用余弦函数参数化关节角的运动轨迹,以太阳能电池阵运动前后航天器的姿态变化量为优化目标,通过遗传算法进行参数的寻优,最终得到一条对航天器姿态影响相对较小的太阳能电池阵的展开运动轨迹.给出一种异面构型太阳能电池阵机构,通过对其展开过程进行仿真分析,证明了所提方法的有效性.     

带多个充液储箱航天器的耦合动力学建模方法

研究了充液航天器储箱内液体晃动与全星姿态运动的耦合动力学建模方法．分别基于单摆等效力学模型和质心面等效力学模型建立了全星姿态耦合动力学方程,并分别针对2个储箱串联布局、3个储箱并联布局的充液航天器在不同工况下的液体晃动问题进行了数值仿真研究;同时比较分析了两种储箱布局方案下液体晃动对航天器姿态运动的影响,为工程应用提供参考．     

三维充液航天器的位置和姿态联合控制

考虑充液月球着陆器悬停避障阶段的控制问题,采用三维球摆作为液体晃动部分的等效模型.针对球摆与刚体耦合的三维动力学模型,给出动力学模型的矢量方程及各矢量在本体系的投影坐标,设计位置和姿态联合控制器.所设计的控制器可以稳定航天器刚体的位置和姿态,且只依赖刚体的位置和姿态,不依赖晃动角或者动力学方程,利于工程应用.利用LaSalle不变原理分析闭环系统的稳定性,给出期望姿态为竖直时系统渐近稳定的控制器参数选择依据.最后数值仿真验证控制方法的有效性.     

基于θ-D方法的在轨操作相对姿轨耦合控制

针对诸如模块更换、燃料加注等在轨操作任务中的相对动力学与控制问题,建立了描述航天器间近距离相对运动的轨道姿态耦合动力学模型,结合轨道摄动和姿态干扰力矩分析了耦合项对模型的影响。考虑到基于状态相关系数形式模型的非线性和时变性,采用θ-D次优控制算法设计了相对姿轨耦合控制器。以在轨加注任务最终逼近段为背景,针对目标航天器失控旋转的情况进行了数值仿真,仿真结果表明了θ-D控制算法能够实现对相对轨道和姿态的同步控制,简化对控制器的求解并具有较高的控制精度。     

大型复杂航天器的柔性附件展开的动力学分析

分析了复杂航天器在柔性附件展开过程中的几个关键问题，并提出了相应的解决方案，编制了应用软件。通过数值模拟详细分析了其附件的展开过程，讨论的内容包括卫星姿态角和姿态角速度的变化规律、柔性附件的展开运动及其弹性振动等。     

挠性航天器系统动力学耦合特性研究

基于单向递推组集方法, 对带柔性附件的航天器进行动力学建模, 研究了航天器姿态耦合系数的计算方法. 单向递推组集建模方法相比传统线性化方法, 其计算结果更精确, 推导过程完全依照刚柔耦合动力学模型, 完整保留了挠性附件弹性振动对系统质心和转动惯量的影响, 未作多余近似假设. 仿真算例表明, 该方法计算系统的耦合系数具有更高精确性, 说明了单向递推组集方法相比传统方法在挠性航天器系统刚柔耦合动力学问题中的优越性.      

挠性充液航天器超近程逼近段动力学建模与控制

超近程逼近过程中,服务航天器为刚柔液耦合的复杂系统,单摆等液体晃动模型不再适用,对这种工况下的航天器进行了动力学建模与控制的研究。采用虚功率原理推导了一种新的适用于三轴推力作用下的液体晃动等效模型,通过引入相对位置导引矢量与相对位置误差矢量,建立了相对轨道误差动力学模型,结合相对姿态动力学模型,得到超近程逼近段的刚柔液耦合的相对轨道姿态动力学模型。针对模型存在的不确定性和未知干扰,设计了基于滑模估计器的相对姿轨耦合控制律。通过数学仿真验证了控制律的有效性,仿真中的晃动结果与Flow-3D结果能够吻合,验证了晃动模型的合理性。     

基于扩张状态观测器的航天器自适应姿态控制

针对航天器三轴姿态大角度机动时动力学特性耦合强烈的情况,同时考虑外界干扰及执行器的不确定性,根据扩张状态观测器的相关理论,提出了航天器姿态机动的一种自适应输出反馈控制策略。首先,采用动量矩定理和欧拉法建立了航天器的姿态动力学模型。然后,在此基础上,利用扩张状态观测器能够准确地获取航天器三轴间非线性耦合及其他未知的外界干扰信息的能力,设计了一种仅需要姿态角测量值的自适应输出反馈控制律,使航天器在大角度姿态机动的同时能够通过自适应律补偿控制力矩的输出偏差。仿真结果表明,在多种任务模式下,航天器都可以很好地完成姿态机动任务,从而验证了控制律的正确性和有效性。     

变结构航天器模糊神经网络滑模控制器设计

变结构航天器是目前航天领域的重要发展方向，航天器结构的变化将导致质量分布发生明显变化，这对航天器动力学建模和控制器设计都提出新的问题。针对这种情况，采用混合坐标法和拉格朗日方程建立了航天器刚柔耦合动力学模型，利用几种典型工况的参数近似得到变结构过程中动力学参数的变化规律。设计滑模控制器对航天器变结构过程进行姿态控制，为提高滑模控制器的适应性，设计模糊神经网络（FNN）自适应调节滑模控制器参数，并利用径向基函数（RBF）神经网络逼近动力学模型，得到控制力矩与姿态变化之间的近似关系，用于FNN的优化。通过仿真得到航天器变结构期间无控、滑模控制和模糊神经网络滑模控制的姿态变化，仿真结果对比验证了模糊神经网络滑模控制对于滑模控制的优势，证明了其在变结构航天器姿态控制方面的有效性。     

基于微小卫星合作博弈的失效航天器姿态接管控制

针对多颗微小卫星接管控制失效航天器姿态运动的问题,提出了一种基于多颗微小卫星合作博弈实现对失效航天器姿态接管控制的方法。首先,面向失效航天器姿态接管控制任务需求,设计了各颗微小卫星的局部目标函数,并在考虑多颗微小卫星与失效航天器所形成组合体的动力学约束、微小卫星控制约束的情况下,建立了多颗微小卫星的合作博弈模型。其次,为实现失效航天器对时变期望姿态轨迹的跟踪,在合理设计期望姿态轨迹的基础上,通过构建组合体增广姿态运动方程,将跟踪期望姿态轨迹的要求描述为微小卫星合作博弈控制问题中的一组约束,并建立了多颗微小卫星控制失效航天器跟踪时变轨迹的合作博弈帕累托最优策略的求解框架。最后,对微小卫星合作博弈控制方法的有效性进行仿真验证,结果表明：该方法能够在不需要进行微小卫星控制分配的情况下,通过多颗微小卫星的合作博弈实现对失效航天器的姿态接管控制。与传统方法相比,这种控制方法可避免进行微小卫星之间的控制分配,能够实现微小卫星能量消耗的全局最优且设计简单便于考虑微小卫星的控制约束。     

数字全息粒子图像测速技术研究

 通过全息照相及再现的理论分析,进行了数字全息计算机数值模拟,利用快速傅里叶变换技术(FFT)对拍摄到的干涉条纹进行了图像复频域的信号分析,实现了数字全息的复频域滤波技术和全息图的小景深再现技术,应用于数字全息粒子图像测速DHPIV(Digital Holography Particle Image Velocimetry)技术.并对立方体对角复杂流动流场进行了试验测量,得到了空间中的三维速度向量场分布,进而得到了三维流线的空间分布,实现了具有时间序列全流场三维空间的三维速度场测量.     

单星导航HEO卫星初轨确定算法

HEO(Highly Elliptical Orbit)轨道卫星利用星载GPS(Global Positioning System)进行自主定轨面临的主要难题之一就是解决在单颗导航卫星条件下的初轨确定问题.从理论上分析了利用单颗导航卫星的观测量确定HEO卫星轨道初值的所需满足的条件,指出了利用F.G级数法求解初值存在的问题,提出了一种基于轨道根数约束的迭代批处理算法,该算法无需复杂的数学运算,避免了F.G级数法用短弧资料定初轨时系数矩阵秩亏的影响.仿真结果表明,当先验轨道根数误差在允许范围内取值时,在考虑轨道射入误差的情况下,初值的位置偏差在10⁴ m量级,速度偏差在10⁰ m/s量级,能够根据单颗导航卫星的短弧观测值可靠地完成轨道初值的确定.     

利用TLE数据分析LEO卫星轨道异常的新方法——————综合判据法

及时准确地发现在轨卫星的轨道异常意义重大. 通过有效的异常算法, 能够找出发生轨道异常的碎片或航天器, 为空间碎片碰撞预警系统分析和验证碰撞事件提供数据支持. 通过对利用TLE (Two Line Elements)数据分析LEO在轨卫星轨道异常的方法研究, 提出了一个利用单个卫星相邻根数时间差控制加综合判据的判别方法. 分析表明, 相对于取单一因素阈值的判别方法, 综合判据法能够最大限度地减少漏判, 并且保持相对较高的判断准确率.      

单通道和双通道微波衰减测量系统中的射频泄漏分析

研究了单通道和双通道微波衰减测量系统中的射频泄漏所导致的测量误差。使用电磁屏蔽箱和以铝片包裹连接头的方法降低外部辐射泄漏,在双通道衰减测量系统中使用隔离器以减小内部泄漏。利用高灵敏度锁相放大器测量了射频泄漏信号,通过在60 MHz和5 GHz所得的实测数据比较了单通道和双通道衰减测量系统的射频泄漏误差。实验结果表明射频泄漏得到了有效的抑制。     

Active space debris charging for contactless electrostatic disposal maneuvers

The remote charging of a passive object using an electron beam enables touchless re-orbiting of large space debris from geosynchronous orbit (GEO) using electrostatic forces. The advantage of this method is that it can operate with a separation distance of multiple craft radii, thus reducing the risk of collision. The charging of the tug–debris system to high potentials is achieved by active charge transfer using a directed electron beam. Optimal potential distributions using isolated- and coupled-sphere models are discussed. A simple charging model takes into account the primary electron beam current, ultra-violet radiation induced photoelectron emission, collection of plasma particles, secondary electron emission and the recapture of emitted particles. The results show that through active charging in a GEO space environment high potentials can be both achieved and maintained with about a 75% transfer efficiency. Further, the maximum electrostatic tractor force is shown to be insensitive to beam current levels. This latter later result is important when considering debris with unknown properties.     

Prediction of landslides using ASTER imagery and data mining models

The aim of this study was to identify landslide-related factors using only remotely sensed data and to present landslide susceptibility maps using a geographic information system, data-mining models, an artificial neural network (ANN), and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS). Landslide-related factors were identified in Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite imagery. The slope, aspect, and curvature of topographic features were calculated from a digital elevation model that was made using the ASTER imagery. Lineaments, land-cover, and normalized difference vegetative index layers were also extracted from the imagery. Landslide-susceptible areas were analyzed and mapped based on occurrence factors using the ANN and ANFIS. The generalized bell-shaped built-in membership function of the ANFIS was applied to landslide susceptibility mapping. Analytical results were validated using landslide test location data. In the validation results, the ANN model showed 80.42% prediction accuracy and the ANFIS model showed 86.55% prediction accuracy. These results suggest that the ANFIS model has a better performance than does the ANN in predicting landslide susceptibility.     

Thermal-optical design of a geodetic satellite for one millimeter accuracy

The LAGEOS (LAser GEOdynamic Satellite) satellites use a 1.5 in. uncoated retroreflector (cube corner). Design studies done for LAGEOS-1 showed that using smaller cubes would result in greater accuracy and lower thermal gradients. However, this would require using a larger number of cubes. Simulations showed that the accuracy goal of 5 mm could be met using 1.5 in. cubes by adding a dihedral angle offset. The LARES (LAser RElativity Satellite) satellite launched in 2012 is a smaller version of LAGEOS using the same size cube corner and floating mount as LAGEOS.The recent development of COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) cube corners has eliminated cost as an obstacle to using a larger number of smaller cubes. COTS cubes have no dihedral angle offset. However, no offset is needed if the size is chosen properly. The diffraction pattern of a 1.0 in. uncoated cube with no dihedral angle offset has 6 lobes around the central peak due to total internal reflection, The velocity aberration for LAGEOS is about 32–40 microradians. The OCS (Optical Cross Section) of a one inch uncoated COTS retroreflector is about 0.5 million sq m for the LAGEOS orbit.Testing of 10 inexpensive COTS cubes by Ludwig Grunwaldt and Reinhart Neubert shows good cross section (unpublished work done at GFZ Potsdam, Germany). Measurement of 50 COTS cubes at INFN (Mondaini et al., 2018), shows a loss of cross section of only 33% (Slide 10). Simulations show that systematic range errors on the order of a half millimeter are possible for a spherical geodetic satellite such as LARES. Adjustments for the holding and ejection system result in some loss of accuracy.     

Low-cost precise measurement of oscillator frequency instability based on GNSS carrier observation

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers can be used in time and frequency metrology by exploiting stable GNSS time scales. This paper proposes a low-cost method for precise measurement of oscillator frequency instability using a single-frequency software GNSS receiver. The only required hardware is a common radio frequency (RF) data collection device driven by the oscillator under test (OUT). The receiver solves the oscillator frequency error in high time resolution using the carrier Doppler observation and the broadcast ephemeris from one of the available satellites employing the onboard reference atomic frequency standard that is more stable than the OUT. Considering the non-stable and non-Gaussian properties of the frequency error measurement, an unbiased finite impulse response (FIR) filter is employed to obtain robust estimation and filter out measurement noise. The effects of different filter orders and convolution lengths are further discussed. The frequency error of an oven controlled oscillator (OCXO) is measured using live Beidou-2/Compass signals. The results are compared with the synchronous measurement using a specialized phase comparator with the standard coordinated universal time (UTC) signal from the master clock H226 in the national time service center (NTSC) of China as its reference. The Allan deviation (ADEV) estimates using the two methods have a 99.9% correlation coefficient and a 0.6% mean relative difference over 1–1000 s intervals. The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness and high precision of the software receiver method.     

Development of a super-pressure balloon with a diamond-shaped net

The essential reason of the lobed-pumpkin shaped super-pressure balloon to withstand against the high pressure is that the local curvature of the balloon film is kept small. Recently, it has been found that the small local curvature can also be obtained if the balloon is covered by a diamond-shaped net with a vertically elongated shape. The development of the super-pressure balloon using this method was started from a 3-m balloon with a polyethylene film covered by a net using Kevlar ropes. The ground inflation test showed the expected high burst pressure. Then, a 6-m and a 12-m balloon using a polyethylene film and a net using the Vectran were developed and stable deployment was checked through the ground inflation tests. The flight test of a 3000 m³ balloon was performed in 2013 and shown to resist a pressure of at least 400 Pa. In the future, after testing a new design to relax a possible stress concentration around the polar area, test flights of scaled balloons will be performed gradually enlarging their size. The goal is to launch a 300,000 m³ super-pressure balloon.     

Calculation of flood hydrographs using Landsat-derived land-use information in the Dreisam watershed,South-West Germany

Flood calculations in a watershed in South-West Germany have been carried out using a geographical data base including land-use, soil information and slope with a resolution of 64×104 m. The land-use information is result of a maximum-likelihood classification of MSS-data. As model for the calculation of the flood hydrographs the SCS-TR 20 was used. The single event calculations as well as the calculations using 24h rainfall of different return periods match the measured hydrographs well. The effect of a possible deforestation of the area due to forest damages has been simulated using 5 different scenarios. According to the simulations a total deforestation causes a 100 year peak discharge 5 times as high as with the current forest distribution.