复合材料静压痕与落锤冲击初始损伤对比试验

为了研究复合材料层合板的分层起始载荷,对不同材料体系和不同铺层数的复合材料层合板进行了准静态压痕试验和落锤冲击试验.得到了复合材料层板的分层起始载荷和冲击分层损伤能量门槛值,并对损伤情况进行了分析.结果表明,层合板的落锤冲击试验的分层起始载荷与冲击能级有关,并且分层起始载荷值随冲击能级提高而增加;准静态压痕试验的分层起始载荷值要低于低速冲击试验的分层起始载荷值;当冲击能量达到层板分层损伤能量门槛值时,层板发生大量分层损伤,层合板刚度出现急剧下降.     

碳纤维复合材料铺层设计工程常数的分析

复合材料结构的设计步骤是材料设计和结构设计同时或交错进行的。这与我们传统的金属材料设计步骤先选材,然后进行结构设计有所不同。为了满足对碳纤维复合材料进行结构分析,本文选用国产中强型碳纤维为增强材料,与环氧648/BF_3—MEA为基体材料组成碳纤维复合材料。测定了单向板的工程常数,并对常用的几种铺层形式进行了实测和理论计算对比。     

基体性能和铺层顺序对碳／环氧复合材料层板损伤的影响

本文对三种环氧树脂基体的碳纤维复合材料含中心圆孔层板的损伤历程进行了实验研究,每种材料分别选用了两种铺层形式;从材料性能的角度讨论了基体和作为一种工艺因素的铺层顺序对层板损伤的影响。     

复合材料层压板低速冲击行为及剩余拉伸强度

通过实验研究了复合材料层压板的低速冲击行为和剩余拉伸强度。首先，通过冲击实验研究了冲头类型和铺层形式对层压板冲击响应的影响，并通过凹坑深度、损伤投影面积、冲击力和冲击能量转化等对冲击损伤特性进行评估。其次，通过准静态拉伸实验调查了层压板的冲击后拉伸响应和剩余拉伸强度。最后，分析了冲头类型和铺层形式对层压板冲击行为和剩余拉伸强度的影响机理。结果表明:冲头类型对层压板冲击损伤的影响与冲击接触面投影面积和凹坑深度的函数关系密切相关；在较高的冲击能量下，条刃形冲头是造成损伤的关键冲击威胁，而立方角形冲头造成的损伤相对不严重；铺层形式对层压板的冲击损伤阻抗性能和拉伸断裂形貌有明显的影响。      

二维织物增强层合板高速冲击后拉伸性能模拟

针对目前国内直升机结构上常用的两种二维织物增强复合材料层合板进行了高速冲击后的拉伸性能分析.根据层合板高速冲击的损伤,在大型商用有限元软件的基础上利用逐渐损伤累积方法建立了损伤后层合板的拉伸损伤扩展与破坏的有限元分析模型,并将其计算结果与经验公式进行了对比.结果表明,该模型结果与经验公式结果吻合,且能直观给出各铺层的损伤扩展过程和机理,对于分析受高速冲击后二维织物增强复合材料层合板的损伤容限性能有重要参考价值.      

碳纤维增强树脂基层板应变率相关损伤数值研究

为了研究高应变率载荷对于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料变形破坏行为的影响,通过应变率修正式对复合材料的刚度与强度进行修正,建立了可考虑应变率效应的复合材料损伤数值模型,采用该模型对不同应变率条件下层板结构的面内破坏行为进行了模拟并与文献实验进行了对比分析。计算结果表明:本文所构建的数值模型可以有效预测树脂基层板结构在不同应变率条件下的破坏特征,并在材料刚度与强度硬化现象的预测方面有着较高精度;对于0°、90°铺层主导的试件,由于其力学性能近似为线性,数值模型在强度预测方面获得了较高精度;而对于±45°铺层主导试件,其在不同应变率条件下表现出较强的非线性损伤特性,因此模型在其强度性能预测方面存在一定误差。     

复合材料层板冰雹高速冲击损伤预测及失效分析

针对冰雹冲击对复合材料结构安全造成的潜在风险,提出了一种基于连续介质损伤力学的非线性有限元模型,研究了碳纤维复合材料层板冰雹高速冲击力学行为。综合采用拉格朗日法和光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）法对冰雹进行建模,引入水的状态方程描述冰雹破碎后的流动特性;考虑应变率的单向复合材料本构模型,根据三维Hashin失效准则及材料刚度折减方案,进行复合材料层内损伤预测;引入界面单元结合双线性内聚力模型模拟层间分层现象;编写用户材料VUMAT子程序,实现基于ABAQUS/Explicit显式模块的数值求解。模拟了冰雹高速冲击复合材料层板的瞬态过程,分析了材料的损伤特性和失效机理。探讨了冰雹冲击速度、冲击角度对层板冲击损伤性能的影响,为复合材料结构冰雹冲击问题数值分析提供参考。      

碳纤维抛物面反射器的热变形测量技术和位移分析

为了解决卫星碳纤维复合材料抛物面天线的热变形问题,本文提出了利用应变片测量应变分布、然后计算位移的方法。文中介绍了将应变片应用于—180～120℃温度范围的碳纤维复合材料结构的热变形测量技术。最后进行了碳纤维抛物面天线反射器的真空冷热交变试验。     

高模量碳环氧复合材料混合模式分层断裂研究

研究了两种高模量碳纤维环氧复合材料（ＨＭ／４２１１和ＨＭ／ＴＤＥ８６）的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和混合型分层断裂行为。在研究中进行了双悬臂梁（ＤＣＢ）试验、端边切口（ＥＮＦ）试验和混合模式弯曲（ＭＭＢ）试验,以确定此两种复合材料的层间断裂韧性和混合模式断裂曲线。这项研究获得的数据和结果对于航天结构应用中的选材和工艺质量保证,以及对确定由这些材料制造的复合材料结构损伤容限分析用的设计许用值,都是很有用处的。     

CFRP平-折-平连接接头试验研究与数值模拟

针对碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）平-折-平（FJF）连接接头强度和失效问题进行了试验研究和数值模拟。基于商用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了FJF连接接头强度预测模型,通过与试验结果进行对比,探究了此类接头在拉伸载荷工况下的失效形式和承载能力,同时分析了搭接长度对接头强度和失效模式的影响。结果表明,利用模型预测的接头承载能力与试验结果的误差均小于3.5%,具有较好的精度。不同搭接长度下,FJF混合连接接头相较于胶接连接接头和机械连接接头强度均有提升。接头的强度随着搭接长度的增大而增大,搭接长度增大到一定程度后趋于平缓。搭接长度较小时,FJF混合连接接头失效表现为胶层沿搭接区的断裂和孔边挤压失效;搭接长度较大时,失效模式转变为层合板孔边拉伸断裂和胶层扩展至孔边的断裂。      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.