基于区间估计与透射率自适应约束的去雾算法

针对去雾算法透射率估计不足与结果偏色等问题,提出了一种基于最小通道区间估计与透射率自适应约束模型的图像去雾算法。首先,采用不同尺寸最大值操作得到有雾图像的亮通道,并结合均值处理和频域滤波得到大气光估计;其次,从大气成像理论出发,以有雾图像最小通道为约束,分别以平面模型和自适应映射模型拟合无雾图像最小通道上下边界,并获得无雾图像最小通道和透射率初始估计;最后,对透射率作滤波平滑与自适应边界约束,得到优化透射率,并根据大气散射模型得到复原结果。实验表明:所提算法复原结果颜色自然、亮度适宜、去雾彻底、细节信息丰富且时间复杂度较低,有效解决了透射率估计不足和偏色等问题。      

Atmospheric dynamics on Venus and Mars

New results from Pioneer Orbiter observations indicate a continued vortex organization of the cloud level atmosphere in either hemisphere, centered over respective poles. Significant changes in the magnitude of the cloud level zonal circulation over a period of several years have been detected. A strong signature of the solar tidal circulation has been detected in the atmospheric circulation with the lowest speeds occurring in equatorial latitudes about 20° upstream of the sub-solar point. Finally, a solar-locked persistent spatial structure has been discovered in the variance of the ultraviolet brightness measured from brightness normalized images of Venus. Vega balloons (drifting at about 53 km altitude near 7°N and 7°S latitudes) have also provided some unique observations of atmospheric circulation, significant among them being the strong vertical motions, the zonality of their drift speeds as well as a significant temperature difference between the two balloons. The temperature difference which amounts to 6.5°K on average is currently being interpreted as a temperature variation with longitude or time.

Diagnostic modelling efforts towards simulating the atmospheric circulation on Venus are continuing and have provided some clues about the processes that maintain them but have not yet been successful in explaining the superrotation of the atmosphere.

Knowledge of the Martian atmospheric dynamics on the other hand is still limited by lack of adequate observations. Numerical modelling of the Martian atmosphere continues to provide most of the information about the atmospheric circulation. The situation regarding the paucity of observations should improve with the completion of the proposed Mars Observer mission. The low circular polar orbit planned provides an excellent opportunity to study the Martian atmosphere.     

Further information on structure of the atmosphere of Venus derived from the VEGA Venus balloon and Lander mission

Continued analysis of the pressure and temperature data returned by the two Vega mission balloons has revealed an apparently significant difference in mean atmospheric static stability between the two data sets. Furthermore, the stability is time dependent within each data set, as reported earlier. The 6.5K temperature contrast between the two balloons remains, and appears to have a counterpart in the contrast between two of the Pioneer Venus probes at these levels, which has been attributed to planetary scale waves. Comparisons of the Vega 2 Lander data with those of the Pioneer Venus Large Probe shows relatively close agreement in the state properties and in the atmospheric static stability profiles as well.     

Mesopheric structure and the d-region winter anomaly

Model mechanisms to explain the D-region winter anomaly have so far not really been successful, considering the many different aspects of this atmospheric/ionospheric phenomenon. A new model is therefore proposed relating the winter anomaly essentially to atmospheric temperature and wind variations. The new mechanism is checked by a set of data obtained during the Western European Winter Anomaly Campaign 1975/76, and additionally by a second set of data taken in earlier years.     

Interpretation of data on laser sensing of aerosol atmosphere from space

A single-frequency lidar, using aerosol scattering as an informative component, is the simplest and reliable facility for remote sensing of the atmosphere. The information on vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol which can be obtained using such a lidar is necessary for investigating the physics of atmospheric processes and forecast of optical state of the atmosphere. At the same time, the interpretation of data on single-frequency sounding is associated with some difficulties of fundamental character, mainly due to insufficient software of the experiment. Under such conditions the problems of optimal processing of lidar returns aiming at extracting the useful information on aerosol are of great importance, especially if one takes into account the hindering effects of atmospheric background and optical noises. This paper presents a statistical approach to this problem, and the possibilities of single-frequency sounding from space are analyzed.     

气溶胶光学特性偏振遥感反演算法

陆地上空大气顶的辐射主要由大气散射和地表反射组成,一般地表反射的贡献要大于大气散射的贡献,使得陆地上空气溶胶的特性提取非常困难,而偏振信息只强烈依赖于散射粒子的特性,发展基于偏振信息的气溶胶反演方法是非常有效的. 通过对矢量辐射传输方程求解进行研究,基于倍加累加法矢量辐射传输模式分析影响气溶胶反演的主要因素,确定多维参数查找表建立方法,利用POLDER(Polarization and Directionality of the Earth-s Reflectances)提供的反射率和偏振反射率数据,发展了一种利用反射率和偏振反射率查找表迭代查找反演气溶胶光学参数和地表反射率的算法,实现了对北京、香河、Dalanzadgad观测站上空气溶胶光学厚度、粒子半径、折射指数和地表反射率的反演.用AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)地基数据对反演结果进行了验证.     

一种确定目标强散射区的方法

用板块法逼近目标表面外形,对物理光学积分离散化,求出每个板块上的散射场,得到目标外形对散射场贡献的三维分布特性,将可视化电磁学与计算机图形学结合,得到了一种确定目标强散射区暨雷达吸波材料涂敷区域的方法,并给出了一些计算结果.     

Effect of spectral distribution of energetic electrons on wave-particle interaction and precipitated energy input

The precipitated energy flux as affected by the presence of parallel electric field and geomagnetic field distortions have been obtained using a complete kinetic treatment of pitch angle scattering by whistler waves. Four different energy spectra have been used to show that the precipitated energy flux depends on the spectral details of the interacting electron ensemble.     

On wavelet techniques in atmospheric sciences

Wavelet analysis has been formalized extensively due to the efforts of mathematicians, physicists and engineers in the last two decades. It has generated a tremendous interest in these communities both in theoretical and applied areas, in such a way that wavelet analysis is also considered now as a nucleus of shared aspirations and ideas. Initially applied to seismic signal studies in geophysics in the 1980s, wavelet techniques have been explored in the atmospheric sciences since the pioneer applications in turbulence studies. If one decides to apply the wavelet analysis to a given signal, it is worthwhile to assess the actual need of the technique itself and the best way to perform it. In atmospheric signal applications, two main directions have been followed: the singularity and the variance analysis. In this paper, the potential uses of this tool supported by some recently published works in the field of atmospheric sciences are discussed. Therefore, initially the characteristics and main properties of the wavelet analysis are presented, focusing on those that are mostly used in the analysis of atmospheric signals. Continuous and discrete wavelet transforms are also discussed, as well as the scalograms and the variance analysis. Finally, some examples of wavelet analysis applied to a wide range of atmospheric science phenomena are presented.     

Atmospheric correction of satellite altimetry observations and sea-level variability in the NE Atlantic

Satellite altimetry provides continuous and spatially regular measurements of the height of the sea surface. Sea level responds to density changes of the water, to mass changes, due to addition or reduction of water mass, and to changes in the atmosphere above it. The present study examines the influence of atmospheric effects on sea-level variability in the North-East Atlantic. The association between the height of the sea surface and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is investigated by considering different sets of altimetry measurements for which the atmospheric effects have been handled differently. Altimetry data not corrected for atmospheric effects are strongly anti-correlated with the state of the NAO, reflecting the hydrostatic response of sea-level to the NAO pressure dipole. The application of an atmospheric correction to satellite altimetry observations in the NE Atlantic decreases variability of the height time series by more than 70% and reduces the amplitude of the seasonal cycle by ∼5 cm. Altimetry data for which atmospheric effects are removed via an inverse barometer correction show a non-negligible correlation with the NAO index at some locations suggesting further indirect non-hydrostatic influences of the state of the NAO on sea level variability.     

Validation of the operational IASI level 2 processor using AIRS and ECMWF data

The algorithms being implemented in EUMETSAT’s IASI Level 2 Product Processing Facility are validated with real case situations using AIRS data and comparing the retrieved atmospheric states with ECMWF analyses. The tests have been performed for clear-sky ocean scenes during daytime.

The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) retrievals show very good performance, with retrieved atmospheric states standard deviations between 1 and 2 K in temperature and 10% and 20% in relative humidity when compared with ECMWF analysis in the troposphere. The EOF retrievals show relatively smooth profiles.

Results from an iterative retrieval show a standard deviation between 2 and 3 K in temperature and 10% and 30% in relative humidity when compared with ECMWF analyses in the troposphere. They tend to show meteorologically reasonable discontinuities in both temperature and relative humidity. This seems to be the reason why they do not compare as well with ECMWF analyses as the EOF retrievals do. Whether they are closer to reality or not will have to be tested with co-located radiosondes or similar more accurate data, which generally do not exhibit such smooth vertical profiles as ECMWF analyses do.     

Studies on the imaging characteristics of Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope: Optical aberration and scattering

In order to better understand the characteristics of Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) mirror, we have analyzed the in-flight overexposed image (the starburst image) obtained during the solar flare observation. It has been revealed from our study that the intensity distribution inside the shadows shown in the scattering difference image contains little of the scattered component of the PSF and matches almost correctly the extension of the PSF core profile. Also it is found that the scattering wing of the SXT PSF is connected smoothly to the PSF core within the distance of about 100–200 arcsec from the peak. With numerical simulations we have shown that an increase in energy affects not only the level of scattering wing, but also both the shape and the absolute level of the PSF core. The results have revealed, however, that the energy dependence for the SXT PSF cannot be easily estimated with the data obtained from one filter alone, which implies that the data analysis using multiple filters will enable us to determine the absolute amount of scattered component as well as the energy dependence of the SXT PSF. Details on the analysis of starburst image and the results from numerical simulations will be introduced and discussed thoroughly.     

A balloon-borne sun-tracking multichannel photometer for atmospheric aerosol measurements

A balloon borne multichannel photometer for measurement of atmospheric scattering in the near ultraviolet and the visible wavelength regions has been developed at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad for study of the size distribution and number density of aerosols at tropospheric and lower stratospheric altitudes. The instrumentation involves tracking the sun in elevation and scanning in azimuth. The payload was recently flown on a 100 kg. balloon from the Hyderabad Balloon Facility on 18 April 1984. The balloon reached a float altitude of 35 km and good quality data has been obtained from an altitude of 6 km upto float altitude. Data analysis is still in progress. The present paper details the instrument design and presents a few illustrations of the instrument performance from this flight.     

观测路径和光谱分辨率对吸收性气溶胶指数的影响

吸收性气溶胶指数（AAI）在监测污染物方面有较好的应用,其反演结果受边界层高度、云高、相对湿度以及仪器指标和观测几何路径等因素影响.利用大气辐射传输模型MODTRAN,对辐射传输方程中多次散射计算的不同近似方法和不同观测几何角度下的AAI进行模拟,研究这些因素对AAI结果的作用,并分析仪器光谱分辨率对AAI探测结果的影响.结果表明,折衷考虑计算效率与精度的情况下,应选择8流近似的离散坐标法进行带有多次散射计算的辐射方程解析.AAI在不同浓度和不同类型气溶胶下随观测角度变化的趋势相同:相对方位角<120°时,AAI误差在太阳天顶角和卫星方位角均为40°～60°时最大;相对方位角在120°～180°时误差均较小;光谱分辨率对AAI反演结果无明显影响.      

Design and construction of the ROSAT 5 arcsec mirror assembly

The ROSAT mission, which is currently being prepared in W.-Germany, will perform the first soft X-ray all-sky survey by means of a large imaging X-ray telescope. Detailed calculations under the cost, volume and mass constraint of the satellite being a Shuttle payload have led to a design of the imaging optics with optimized geometry. The mirror system is of the Wolter type I configuration and includes four nested shells with a maximum aperture of 835 mm and a focal length of 2400 mm. The on-axis angular resolution of the mirror assembly has been specified to 5 arcsec with a scattering level as low as 3% for single reflection at 1.5 keV photon energy. Construction and technology studies have been completed by now and manufacturing of the first mirror shell has begun.     

利用曙暮气晖反演中层臭氧的可行性

利用1.27μm曙暮气晖反演大气O₃是中间层03含量的重要测量方法.本文研究了1.27μm地面曙暮气晖所包含的独立信息参量、可测量高度和垂直分辨率;讨论了光化学参量、大气参量不定性的影响和对中间层O₃含量变化的灵敏度.结果指出,利用这一方法可以给出60－90km高度的大气O₃含量,光化模式参量不定性的影响约为10％.      

基于改进大气散射模型的单幅图像去雾方法

雾天情况下获得的图像通常会出现对比度低、色彩丢失及噪声等问题，传统的去雾方法主要着眼于解决对比度低、色彩损失等问题，而没有考虑空气中灰尘颗粒散射隐藏的噪声光，导致去雾结果中易出现大量的噪声。针对该问题，提出了一种基于改进大气散射模型的单幅图像去雾方法。结合雾霾天气的特点，通过增加空气中介质散射的噪声光对传统雾天成像的大气散射模型进行改进；针对暗通道先验计算透射率不准确的问题，根据改进的模型构建一种透射率精细化的求取方法；结合全变分模型保边抑噪的思想，构造一种新的目标函数，迭代求解获得去雾图像。实验结果和对比分析表明:所提方法能有效去除图像中的雾，减少去雾结果中的噪声，同时也能保留图像中丰富的纹理信息。      

The effect of aerosols on climate and aerosol climatology on the basis of observations from space

Principal aspects of the effect of aerosols on climate are discussed and the possibilities of obtaining a climatic data set of global aerosols are analyzed. Based on the analysis of space images, new data have been obtained on gigantic dust outbreaks in various regions of the Earth. It has been shown that dust outbreaks can propagate over hundreds and sometimes thousands of kilometers. The western Sahara - Atlantic Ocean is the major region of propagation of these outbreaks. The continent-to-continent trajectories of dust clouds have been discovered (from Africa to the coast of America, from Central Asia to the Pacific Ocean). Maps of the sources of strong dust transformations have been studied and drawn. In particular, an anthropogenic dust source has been found out on the northeastern coast of the Aral Sea. A striped mesostructure of dust formations has been analyzed, determined by both the inhomogeneous surface and peculiarities of the eddy dust transport. The techniques have been discussed in detail for retrieving the parameters of aerosol size distribution and the vertical profiles of the coefficients of aerosol extinction in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere from the data on the brightness of the twilight and daytime horizon as well as occultation measurements of solar radiation attenuation by the atmosphere.The difficulty of reliably predicting possible environmental changes arises both from the problems of estimating complex interactions of numerous processes and from a lack of information concerning various environmental parameters. For example, an important factor in present day climatic changes is the increased dust content of the atmosphere due to man's activities. However, a reliable estimate of this influence is found to be impossible due to the absence of definitive data on the global distribution of atmospheric dust and the properties of dust in various parts of the world [4,5,13–15]. The impact of aerosols on climate has been discussed in detail in a number of monographs [12–15].Observations from space have opened up new possibilities for studying atmospheric dust. For this purpose, both the imagery and spectrometry of the Earth's atmosphere from space are used. Rather attractive are the prospects for laser sounding [1].