气膜孔图像对焦评价函数的实验研究

为了使工业影像测头能够正确对焦于气膜孔的出口表面，开展了对焦评价函数选取的实验研究。首先，分析了各类对焦评价函数的特性、要求及优缺点，并确定选择灰度梯度函数用于图像序列的清晰度评价；然后，考察了Brenner梯度函数、Tenengrad梯度函数和Laplacian梯度函数等5种具有代表性的灰度梯度函数，通过实验获得了它们的函数曲线，并进行归一化处理和比较分析，最终确定Laplacian梯度函数作为系统的对焦评价函数，并进行了重复性验证。实验结果表明，Laplacian梯度函数可以正确判别出被测气膜孔的对焦位置，且对焦重复性小于0.005mm，满足气膜孔形位参数的检测要求。     

气膜孔图像对焦评价函数的实验研究

为了使工业影像测头能够正确对焦于气膜孔的出口表面,开展了对焦评价函数选取的实验研究。首先,分析了各类对焦评价函数的特性、要求及优缺点,并确定选择灰度梯度函数用于图像序列的清晰度评价;然后,考察了Brenner梯度函数、Tenengrad梯度函数和Laplacian梯度函数等5种具有代表性的灰度梯度函数,通过实验获得了它们的函数曲线,并进行归一化处理和比较分析,最终确定Laplacian梯度函数作为系统的对焦评价函数,并进行了重复性验证。实验结果表明,Laplacian梯度函数可以正确判别出被测气膜孔的对焦位置,且对焦重复性小于0.005mm,满足气膜孔形位参数的检测要求。     

一种巡视器惯性/视觉组合导航新方法

在以运动参数误差为状态量、视觉导航与惯导导航相对运动参数差为观测量 的传统惯性/视觉组合导航方法中, 为解决相对运动参数同时与前后两个时 刻状态相关的问题, 采用将前一时刻位置和姿态误差增广到状态量中的方法, 并且假设增广的状态量为常值, 导致状态模型中引入了较大的误差. 基于 真实位置、姿态建立观测量误差模型, 导致观测量同时与前后两个时刻的状 态相关. 本文以惯导误差方程为状态模型, 采用四元数差形式的相对运动 参数差作为观测量, 基于上一时刻组合导航位置、姿态估计值建立观测量误 差模型, 实现了状态的增广, 并使得量测信息仅与当前时刻的位置误差和平 台失准角相关, 克服了状态模型误差较大的问题. 月面仿真和地面模拟实验 均表明, 该方法能够达到较高的位置和姿态估计精度.      

基于可诊断性约束的测点优化配置研究

为提高卫星的安全性和可靠性,适应在设计阶段对故障诊断进行考虑的需求,以动量轮为例,将故障可诊断性作为优化目标,提出基于DM分解技术的测点优化配置方法,并给出故障可诊断性评价的相关定义.分析动量轮模型和故障,建立动量轮的结构模型;采用DM技术对动量轮的结构模型进行分解,并分析动量轮模型的解析冗余关系;在对各故障的可检测性和可分离性进行分析的基础上,根据结构模型的偏序关系,获得使故障具有可检测性和可分离性的最小传感器集合;给出故障可诊断性评价的定义,并针对两种传感器配置情况,进行可诊断性分析.本文所提方法为设计阶段开展故障诊断的研究提供了借鉴和参考.     

航天器相对导航与控制技术的典型任务

在空间交会对接、在轨服务、近距离目标监视以及航天器编队飞行任务中,通常需要通过相对导航与控制技术对相互邻近的航天器进行控制.回顾了该领域典型的空间任务,特别关注任务、相对导航与控制方法、相对测量设备、推进系统等主要特征,并总结了该项技术的发展趋势.     

Sources and processing of CELSS wastes.

The production rate and solid content of waste streams found in a life support system for a space habitat (in which plants are grown for food) are discussed. Two recycling scenarios, derived from qualitative considerations as opposed to quantitative mass and energy balances, tradeoff studies, etc., are presented; they reflect differing emphases on and responses to the waste stream formation rates and their composition, as well as indicate the required products from waste treatment that are needed in a life support system. The data presented demonstrate the magnitude of the challenge to developing a life support system for a space habitat requiring a high degree of closure.     

Delta-electron emission in fast heavy ion atom collisions.

Biological damages such as mutations, chromosomal aberrations etc. are a consequence of biochemical changes mostly in the DNA. With ionizing radiation, these chemical changes are due to primary ionization events and secondary ionization effects caused by the primarily produced electrons. Differences in the biological response of densely ionizing radiation, like heavy charged particles, in comparison to sparsely ionizing radiation, such as X- or gamma-rays, are mainly due to the differences in the production of the so called delta-electrons. Therefore, the emission process of electrons i.e. the cross section for the primary ionization event as well as the energy and angular distribution of the emitted electrons should be understood in detail. The delta-electron emission processes occuring in fast heavy ion atom collisions are explained qualitatively. The different spectral structures of electron emission arising from either the target or the projectile are explained in terms of simple models of the kinetics of momentum transfer induced by the COULOMB forces. In collisions of very heavy ions with matter, high nuclear COULOMB forces are created. These forces lead to a strong polarization of the electronic states of the participated electrons. The effects of this polarization are discussed.     

Modeling ground and space based cosmic ray observations

After entering our local astrosphere (called the heliosphere), galactic cosmic rays, as charged particles, are affected by the Sun’s turbulent magnetic field. This causes their intensities to decrease towards the inner heliosphere, a process referred to as modulation. Over the years, cosmic ray modulation has been studied extensively at Earth, utilizing both ground and space based observations. Moreover, modelling cosmic ray modulation and comparing results with observations, insight can be gained into the transport of these particles, as well as offering explanations for observed features. We review some of the most prominent cosmic ray observations made near Earth, how these observations can be modelled and what main insights are gained from this modelling approach. Furthermore, a discussion on drifts, as one of the main modulation processes, are given as well as how drift effects manifest in near Earth observations. We conclude by discussing the contemporary challenges, fuelled by observations, which are presently being investigated. A main challenge is explaining observations made during the past unusual solar minimum.     

太阳风动压脉冲结构与地磁急始关系研究

针对1994-2011年的363例地磁急始事件,基于太阳风动压脉冲（DPP）结构自动识别算法确定是否有相应的太阳风动压脉冲结构事件与其相关联,进而针对太阳风动压脉冲结构地磁急始关联事件进行统计分析研究.研究结果显示:91%的地磁急始事件与DPP事件相关联,53%的地磁急始事件与行星际激波相关联,这表明太阳风动压脉冲结构是引起地磁急始更普遍的原因;引起地磁急始的太阳风动压脉冲结构事件约70%发生在行星际日冕物质抛射、共转相互作用区以及行星际日冕物质抛射和/或共转相互作用区相互作用形成的复杂抛射物等大尺度太阳风扰动结构中,且其平均动压变化幅度为3.9nPa,强太阳风动压脉冲结构事件占全体事件的42%;地磁急始事件变化幅度与太阳风动压脉冲变化幅度以及上下游动压平方根差之间存在明显的相关关系,相关系数分别为0.79和0.82,并且行星际磁场南向时相关性更强;太阳风动压脉冲结构事件持续时间、传播速度、动压变化幅度对地磁急始事件的持续时间有一定影响,但这些参数与地磁急始事件的相关关系较弱.研究结果可为基于太阳风动压脉冲结构特征参数开展地磁急始预报提供研究基础.      

飞轮扰振特性及振动控制方法

航天器高精度稳定平台要求飞轮在工作转速范围内的干扰力尽可能低,因此需要对飞轮本身固有的扰振力进行有效抑制,一般对机械飞轮采用被动振动隔离方法,而对磁悬浮飞轮采用主动振动控制方法.分别介绍机械飞轮和磁悬浮飞轮的微振动特性,分析其扰振产生的原因,阐述振动隔离以及振动控制原理,并通过测试系统对现阶段振动抑制效果进行了说明.     

Bennett彗星的Na彗发

本文对Rahe等的Bennett(1970Ⅱ)彗星Na彗发单色光度观测资料作了初步理论分析。借助Haser的理论模型求得Na原子及其母分子的标高,估算出它们的寿命;用Dolginov等的理论模型及其它公式和资料,估算出Na原子的外流速度和运动温度。最后作了简单讨论。      

Obstacle avoidance handling and mixed integer predictive control for space robots

This paper presents a novel obstacle avoidance constraint and a mixed integer predictive control (MIPC) method for space robots avoiding obstacles and satisfying physical limits during performing tasks. Firstly, a novel kind of obstacle avoidance constraint of space robots, which needs the assumption that the manipulator links and the obstacles can be represented by convex bodies, is proposed by limiting the relative velocity between two closest points which are on the manipulator and the obstacle, respectively. Furthermore, the logical variables are introduced into the obstacle avoidance constraint, which have realized the constraint form is automatically changed to satisfy different obstacle avoidance requirements in different distance intervals between the space robot and the obstacle. Afterwards, the obstacle avoidance constraint and other system physical limits, such as joint angle ranges, the amplitude boundaries of joint velocities and joint torques, are described as inequality constraints of a quadratic programming (QP) problem by using the model predictive control (MPC) method. To guarantee the feasibility of the obtained multi-constraint QP problem, the constraints are treated as soft constraints and assigned levels of priority based on the propositional logic theory, which can realize that the constraints with lower priorities are always firstly violated to recover the feasibility of the QP problem. Since the logical variables have been introduced, the optimization problem including obstacle avoidance and system physical limits as prioritized inequality constraints is termed as MIPC method of space robots, and its computational complexity as well as possible strategies for reducing calculation amount are analyzed. Simulations of the space robot unfolding its manipulator and tracking the end-effector’s desired trajectories with the existence of obstacles and physical limits are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed obstacle avoidance strategy and MIPC control method of space robots.     

Heavy ion induced changes in small intestinal parameters.

The effects on 17 different structural parameters of mouse small intestine three days after treatment with three types of heavy ion (neon, iron and niobium) are compared, the first two being of particular relevance to space flight. The data for niobium are given in full, showing that changes after niobium ion treatment are not standard and are concentrated in the epithelial compartment, with few of the parameters having a response which is dose dependent. When comparisons are made for the three types of heavy ion, the damage is greatest after neon ion irradiation, implying that the additional non-epithelial damage produced as LET rises from X rays through neutrons to neon ions is not necessarily maintained as LET continues to rise. Further understanding is therefore needed of the balance between changes affecting the vascular and absorptive components of the organ. Variation from group to group is also important, as is variation of strain or gastrointestinal status. All such factors are important in the understanding of changes in multicellular organs after exposure to heavy ion radiation.     

行星际磁云边界层中的电子分布函数特征

基于WIND 飞船观测的1995---2006 年间的磁云事件, 研究了磁云边界层中电子的流动图样, 以及电子速度分布函数的特点与电子加热和加速的关系, 得出以下结果. ①磁云边界层中存在的电子流动图样, 包括各向同性、双向流动和单向流动等. ② 相比于背景太阳风和磁云本体, 通常情况下磁云边界层中电子分布函数的核心热电子成分 (E<60eV) 增多, 超热电子成分 (E>60eV) 在沿磁场垂直方向上增多, 而在沿磁场平行或反平行方向以单方向增加为主, 此外, 还在近1/10 的磁云边界层中观测到了高能电子的明显增多. ③对比研究了磁云边界层与磁云驱动的激波对电子速度分布函数的调制作用, 经过激波, 电子分布函数的超热电子成分在各方向上都有增加, 不同于磁云边界层中在沿磁场平行或反平行方向上超热电子成分以单方向增加为主, 表明二者有不同的形成机制. ④考察了磁云边界层中的波活动增强和电子分布函数及离子流量增加的对应关系. 上述观测和对比分析进一步表明了磁云边界层是一种重要的动力学结构, 磁重联是一种可能的形成机制.      

柔性铰接板振动测量及迭代学习主动控制

大型柔性板状结构广泛应用于航空航天领域，这种结构特性极易引起低频振动，针对这一问题以柔性铰接板为研究对象，探究了柔性铰接板在受外部激励作用下弯曲模态的振动特性.为此搭建了一套用于测控柔性铰接板振动特性的实验平台，采用了立体视觉和压电陶瓷传感器分别检测柔性铰接板的振动信息，以此信息作反馈，采用了变遗忘因子的迭代学习控制方法对柔性铰接板的振动进行主动控制，同时以PD控制的实验效果作为对比.实验结果表明，不论是大幅值的快速衰减还是小幅值的残余振动抑制，迭代学习控制效果都优于PD控制.     

终端区最优飞行轨迹特征的研究

为了给飞机提供一条能满足多种指标要求的最优飞行轨迹,针对变分最优理论难以求解多指标优化问题,提出了命名为多次优化的方法,即将多要求的优化任务分成先后相继的多次任务,每次任务中选取一种不能边界转化的要求作为最优性能指标,而其余要求转化为边界条件.利用这一方法以时间、转弯次数、转弯角度为最优性能指标给出了终端区最优飞行轨迹的一般特征.     

脉冲等离子推力器羽流实验研究初探

脉冲等离子体推力器(Pulsed Plasma Thrusters,PPTs)具有体积小、结构简单、推力小、比冲高等特点,非常适用于目前正广泛开展研究的小型航天器的姿轨控系统,是电推进领域的研究热点之一。开展对PPTs羽流特性的研究是了解PPTs工作机理、分析其推力作用规律和探索性能提升方法的重要途径,本文对PPTs进行了概述,综述并分析了PPTs的羽流特点、研究现状,对实验中涉及到的羽流测量参数及方法进行了概括,对相关的等离子体诊断方法进行了重点介绍。     

一组新的绳系卫星系统广义坐标

应用一组新的六维广义坐标,在一个统一的力学系统中,研究在外摄动力（地球非球形引力与大气阻力等）及系绳拉力的作用下,绳系系统质心在惯性空间的轨道运动,以及该系统相对于质心的相对运动。系绳模拟为具有质量的弹性连续体,系绳两端的空间飞行器假设为点质量。下列变量取为力学系统的广义坐标：系统质心的向径、赤经、赤纬,主星与子星之间的距离,以及系绳相对于系统质心子午面的两个欧拉角。经典的质心轨道根数,以及系绳在质心轨道面内与轨道面外的摆动角,均可由上述六个广义坐标及其广义速度确定。     

CHAMP卫星加速度计标校参数序列的谱分析

给出了利用能量守恒方法求定CHAMP卫星加速度计标校参数的基本原理和算法．对2001年8月-2003年12月共约两年半的CHAMP卫星加速度计数据进行了标校,导出了尺度、偏差和偏差漂移参数的时间序列,分别采用最小二乘谱分析和抗差谱分析对这些时间序列进行了分析．结果表明,尺度、偏差和偏差漂移参数都有明显的周期变化,但各主周期项略有差异．尺度的主周期是441d、220d、126d和13．4d的周期变化,其中220d和441d的周期变化的贡献相对较大．偏差中有明显的220d、126d和13．4d周期变化,各周期变化的贡献几乎相当;偏差漂移的主周期是220d、13．4d和9d的周期变化,其中13．4d的周期变化最为显著,几乎比其他周期项变化高出一个数量级．另外尺度和偏差参数还有明显的长期变化,而偏差漂移参数的长期变化不明显．