直升机行星架疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测

直升机行星齿轮保持架（简称行星架）是传动系统的重要部件,其可靠性对于直升机的飞行安全至关重要。行星架疲劳裂纹故障的发生、发展受多种因素影响,其故障诊断和寿命预测都有难度。为准确预测行星架疲劳裂纹寿命,研究了其裂纹故障发生、发展规律,提出了基于对数线性的方法,将裂纹扩展过程离散化处理,采用Paris公式,定量描述裂纹扩展速率,结合Miner准则,累积其疲劳损伤过程,最终得到随裂纹长度变化的行星架剩余使用寿命数值。利用有限元软件ANSYS Workbench的疲劳寿命模块对计算得到的数值结果进行了仿真对比,验证了方法的精确性和有效性。      

实测载荷谱数据处理系统

简要介绍了实测载荷谱数据处理系统，较深入地论述了实测载荷谱数据处理的几个重要方面，给出了该系统处理直升机旋翼系统动部件实测载荷谱的实例，通过大子样二维疲劳２载荷母体分布参数估计及假设检验，发现载荷幅值服从半正态分布，载荷均值服从三参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布。     

裂纹扩展寿命安全可靠性分析模型研究

通过分析影响裂纹扩展寿命的多个随机因素,就目前较为常用的裂纹扩展寿命安全可靠性分析模型进行比较.在此基础上,本文提出了一种新的模型--裂纹扩展寿命~断裂韧度可靠性分析模型,该模型基于目前比较公认的裂纹扩展寿命分布和断裂韧度分布特性,为工程界进行含裂纹结构的概率损伤容限评估提供一定的理论依据.     

LC_4高强度铝合金应力腐蚀断裂机理的研究(一)

本文用DCB试样研究了LC4高强度铝合金在pH=6～6.5,35℃±1℃的3.5％NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀断裂机理。 文中分析了断口表面的特征,并且指出靠近裂纹尖端的断口表面上被一层薄的钝化膜所复盖。它是一种非常有效的防止氢进入金属的阻挡层。 用金相跟踪照相的方法得到的应力腐蚀断裂试验结果证实裂纹尖端前沿的塑性区大小取决于裂纹尖端的K_1,而不取决于其它因素。 用恒电位技术得到的IgV—ψ曲线,表明阴极极化作用会抑制裂纹扩展,而阳极极化作用会促进裂纹扩展速率。 作者论证了LC4铝合金在试验条件下的裂纹扩展不是由于氢脆引起的。     

无人直升机多天线通信信道建模及性能分析

在单天线航空信道模型的基础上,提出了一种无人直升机多天线通信信道的统计模型.分析了信道的时延扩展、多普勒扩展和角度扩展特性,研究了机身对天线的遮挡效应及多天线信号之间的干涉问题.根据模型特点建立了一种准确有效的仿真模型,给出了延迟功率谱、空间相关性、多普勒功率谱和机身遮挡效应的仿真方法.利用该模型在途中飞行、任务区盘旋和起飞/降落这3种飞行状态下对单天线和多天线信道的误码性能进行了对比仿真分析,验证了差分空时编码在无人直升机多天线通信系统中的良好性能.该模型可用于无人直升机多天线通信系统的调制和编码技术研究.     

旋转部件SGBEM-FEM耦合热弹性断裂分析

旋转部件载荷复杂,易萌生裂纹,引发疲劳断裂失效。针对含裂纹受热旋转部件,在全局无裂纹区域使用有限元法(FEM),发挥其在大型结构仿真分析方面的优势;在裂纹附近局部子域使用对称伽辽金边界单元法(SGBEM),发挥其在结构断裂分析方面的优势。构造考虑旋转惯性载荷和热载荷影响的SGBEM超单元,该超单元刚度矩阵对称半正定,且施加的旋转惯性载荷和热载荷仅影响等效力向量,可实现与有限元刚度矩阵和力向量的直接装配,从而耦合求解旋转部件的热弹性断裂问题。采用构造的SGBEM超单元FEM耦合法计算了含裂纹受热旋转圆盘的应力强度因子,验证了该方法的有效性。      

疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型的参数估计方法

建立了用试验数据估计疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型参数的方法,尤其为利用现有的单裂纹扩展试验数据,建立了用不完全数据估计多裂纹扩展参数的方法,为含多裂纹结构的概率损伤容限分析作准备.应用最小二乘原理,讨论了完全试验数据-并联远源裂纹和完全试验数据-近源裂纹2种情况下裂纹扩展参数的估计方法,考虑了裂纹扩展试验的2种极限情况,给出了估计结果偏于保守的不完全试验数据-近源裂纹情况下的裂纹扩展参数的估计方法.完善了疲劳多裂纹扩展随机模型,为模型的工程应用打下了基础.      

湿热对单向复合材料层板断裂韧性及疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

就湿热(70℃,相对湿度RH100％)环境对T300/914C石墨/环氧单向复合材料层板层间断裂韧性的影响进行了研究。用扫描电镜对断口形貌进行观察,不论是湿热处理的或是室温放置和经干燥处理的,断口形貌无明显差异。我们还对上述DCB试样在交变载荷作用下裂纹的扩展行为进行了研究。找出了裂纹扩展速率da/dN与最大循环应变能释放率G_(Imax)关系式da/dN=A·G_(Imax)~B中的A和B两个常数的数值。经湿热处理的DCB试样疲劳裂纹扩展速率与干燥试样相比有所降低。我们分别用断口形貌、断裂机理和断裂力学原理分析了湿热环境对复合材料性能的影响。     

2195-T8铝锂合金疲劳多裂纹融合试验与仿真研究

铝锂合金作为航空航天广泛应用的合金材料,其疲劳断裂行为的研究对结构安全性评价具有重要意义。以第三代铝锂合金2195-T8为研究对象,通过恒幅拉-拉疲劳试验和有限元方法对2195-T8铝锂合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行试验与仿真研究。基于断面显微测量与观察,在仿真模型中引入多个初始裂纹,模拟多裂纹的融合扩展过程,获得多裂纹独自扩展、交融时扩展和融合后扩展的规律。结果表明：裂纹融合前,在疲劳循环载荷作用下,裂纹尖端应力强度因子总体上不断增大,塑性区域体积增加区域平缓;当裂纹相互融合时,裂纹面处应力强度因子瞬时增大,远高于其余裂尖数值大小;随着裂纹进一步融合,尖端应力强度因子数值趋于平稳;裂纹完全融合后,到达裂纹快速扩展阶段,塑性区域体积与扩展步数呈正比增加,扩展速率呈现先快后慢的规律,裂纹面交汇融合成新的椭圆形状裂纹面。     

应变能密度—应力矢量准则

本文提出的应变能密度——应力矢量线弹性复合断裂准则,综合考虑了控制裂纹扩展行为的应变能密度和应力矢量两方面的因素,它既适用于二维裂纹问题,也适用于三维裂纹问题。为了说明该准则的应用,文中具体研究了埋藏椭圆盘状裂纹和直前缘穿透裂纹的扩展行为。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.