南京地区斜向加热电离层效应数值模拟

与垂直加热相比,斜向加热电离层具有灵活性高、影响范围广和便于实际操作等优势.在非偏区考虑欧姆吸收,基于电子能量方程和连续性方程构建电波斜向加热低电离层的物理模型,并利用IRI-2007和NRLMSISE-00经验模型提供的背景参数对南京地区斜向加热低电离层进行数值模拟,对比不同加热条件下电子温度和电子密度的扰动情况.研究结果表明:电波加热效果随入射仰角和有效辐射功率的增大而增大;电子温度和电子密度增幅随电波频率增大而减小;X波模比O波模造成的电子温度扰动幅度和电子密度扰动幅度更大,同时X波模比O波模能更快地使电子温度和电子密度达到稳定状态;一定范围内较小仰角、较低频率、较大有效辐射功率的电波能使电子密度更快达到稳定,后两者还能加快电子温度达到稳定的过程;电子温度达到稳定所需时间随入射电波仰角呈单峰变化,仰角为62°时达到最大.      

FY-2C卫星太阳X射线探测器性能定标

通过具体的实验对FY-2C太阳X射线探测器进行了详细的定标.太阳X射线探测器的传感器采用充Ar气的正比计数器.主要探测能量大于4 KeV的太阳X射线流量.在坪特性、效率、正比性、能道划分、能量分辨率和时间分辨率等6个方面详细介绍了定标的方法及结果.定标结果表明,FY-2C卫星的太阳X射线探测器在各个方面都具有很好的性能.最后对FY-2C的在轨探测数据与GOES卫星进行了比较.GOES卫星的太阳X射线传感器采用电离室.FY-2C的探测结果与GOES的探测结果非常吻合.结果表明,FY-2C太阳X射线探测器可以很好地监测太阳X射线的流量变化,为空间环境监测提供有效的服务.      

基于卫星加速度数据反演的热层大气密度与NRLMSISE-00模式结果的比较研究

利用CHAMP/STAR加速度数据反演的热层大气密度与NRLMSISE-00模式反演的热层大气密度进行比较, 结果表明, 热层大气密度在春秋季期间高于冬夏季, 并且太阳活动高年比低年更加显著; 日照面和阴影区大气密度的比值在低纬地区由太阳活动高年的4下降到太阳活动低年的2左右, 中纬地区大约由3变化到1.5, 高纬地区变化较小; NRLMSISE-00模式能够较好地模拟热层大气密度的变化趋势, 但是磁暴期间模式精度较差. 统计结果表明, 模式整体比反演结果偏高, 2002-2008年相对偏差分别为16.512%, 20.004%, 18.915%, 18.245%, 25.161%, 33.261%和41.980%; NRLMSISE-00模式在高纬地区的相对偏差为27.337%, 高于中低纬地区的24.047%; 模式在中等太阳活动水平相对偏差较为稳定, 基本在15%左右.      

基于斜向探测最高可用频率反演电离层参数

提出了一种利用斜向探测F₂层最高可用频率及其对应时延反演传播路径中点临界频率f₀F₂和3000km传输因子M（3000）F₂的新方法.该方法从工程实用角度出发,利用射线传播理论直接反演得到临界频率和3000km传输因子.通过对长春-径阳和新乡-赤峰两条斜向探测链路中点电离层参数的反演分析,验证了方法的稳定性;利用反演结果与北京垂直探测数据对比,验证了方法的准确性;通过与Smith方法的对比,验证了方法的实用性.统计分析显示,此方法具有与Smith方法可比的精度,明显优于参考电离层模型给出的结果,其均方误差为0.48MHz,相对误差为10.50%;具有较好的稳定性,对不同距离的探测链路有较好的适应性,反演精度差异为0.03MHz;具有可操作性强,易于实现的特点.本研究成果可用于短波通信频率实时预报、动态频率管理及其相关领域.      

K波段微波高光谱辐射计的晴空定标方法

K波段微波高光谱辐射计应用于大气探测方向,能够减少地表至对流层内的大气廓线误差和提高廓线的垂直分辨率.针对平均辐射温度在宽大气频谱和不同天空仰角下存在浮动的问题,结合所统计的北京地区往年廓线数据和晴空条件下的Liebe大气吸收模型（1993）,提出了一种微波高光谱下改进的晴空定标方法.相比于传统的晴空定标方法,该方法利用先验的气象数据对定标过程进行优化计算,有利于提高平均辐射温度的预测精度.误差分析结果表明当K波段微波高光谱辐射计采用改进的晴空定标方法时,能够有效减少平均辐射温度对其定标误差的影响.      

掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器的能量响应标定

通过地面及在轨试验对掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器(FXPT)能量响应特性进行了标定.掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器采用X射线掠入射聚焦探测体制,探测来源于X射线脉冲星发射的X射线光子,精确测定X射线光子的到达时刻和能量.标定结果表明探测器在全设计能段内具有良好的线性响应特性,光子能量测量误差优于0.5%.能量分辨率误差优于10%,能量分辨率可达156 eV@6.4 keV.探测器入轨后对超新星遗迹的能谱观测表明,探测器在轨光子能量标记准确,能量分辨率与地面标定结果一致.地面及在轨标定结果为掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器的数据处理和科学分析提供了重要的依据.     

电离层Es电波传播模型研究

考虑大气折射的影响,对不同高度Es层条件下大圆路径传播距离与仰角的关系进行计算.基于电离层Es电子密度时空分布特点,建立高阶Es反射模型;运用高阶修正贝塞尔函数表示电离层Es电子密度扰动的自相关函数,综合考虑电离层Es各向异性结构的尺度关系,建立高阶Es散射模型.仿真计算Es层VHF斜入射传播衰减与频率、距离的关系.对于反射模型,Es层厚度越厚,电波衰减越大.对于散射模型,Es层不规则体水平尺度相同,垂直水平漂移的尺度越大,衰减越大;而垂直水平漂移的尺度相同,水平尺度越大,衰减越小.无论反射模型还是散射模型,f₀E_s越高,衰减越小;电波工作频率越高,衰减越大.对比建立的模型与VHF链路的测量结果,明确不同强度的电离层Es反射/散射机制,证明了建立模型的正确性.      

观测路径和光谱分辨率对吸收性气溶胶指数的影响

吸收性气溶胶指数（AAI）在监测污染物方面有较好的应用,其反演结果受边界层高度、云高、相对湿度以及仪器指标和观测几何路径等因素影响.利用大气辐射传输模型MODTRAN,对辐射传输方程中多次散射计算的不同近似方法和不同观测几何角度下的AAI进行模拟,研究这些因素对AAI结果的作用,并分析仪器光谱分辨率对AAI探测结果的影响.结果表明,折衷考虑计算效率与精度的情况下,应选择8流近似的离散坐标法进行带有多次散射计算的辐射方程解析.AAI在不同浓度和不同类型气溶胶下随观测角度变化的趋势相同:相对方位角<120°时,AAI误差在太阳天顶角和卫星方位角均为40°～60°时最大;相对方位角在120°～180°时误差均较小;光谱分辨率对AAI反演结果无明显影响.      

基于C型臂的Tomosynthesis快速重建方法

传统的层析X射线摄影合成(Tomosynthesis)算法不适合对C型臂X射线投影进行切片重建.提出了一种改进的Tomosynthesis算法CTS (C-arm based Tomosynthesis),依据C型臂成像原理,将不同角度的X射线投影按其映射关系在三维空间内旋转-叠加来重建切片.该算法可以对等中心C型臂连续采集的一组有限角度X射线投影进行切片重建.通过计算机模拟空心球和空心圆柱模型的C型臂X射线投影,用该算法对其二维投影进行切片重建,并利用重建结果分析了CTS算法的重建精度以及抗噪声干扰能力.最后给出了将CTS算法推广到可以对非等中心C型臂进行切片重建的步骤. CTS为基于C型臂的术中三维成像提供了一种参考方法.      

基于上层大气数值模型的X射线传输特性

核爆炸的大部分能量是以X射线形式释放的，研究X射线辐射特性对于天基核爆事件监测，当量反演都具有一定参考价值。根据核爆炸X射线能谱特性，构建了黑体辐射模型；根据NRLMSIS大气模型成分数据和高度密度数据，构建大气分层数值模型，并结合NIST数据库，构建分层大气质量吸收系数模型，提高了大气模型与大气质量吸收系数模型准确度。使用数值模拟程序对X射线在大气中的传输特性进行研究，模拟在临近空间高度核爆炸产生的X射线经过大气吸收后的能谱特性以及不同海拔高度点位的能注量。结果表明，在检测点高度恒定的情况下，斜径角变小会增大X射线传输路径，X射线经过的大气吸收路径越长，能谱峰值越往高能处偏移。在相同高度下，爆炸点的正上方处能注量最大，其他位置随着斜径角减小能注量呈指数级衰减。     

Ionospheric differential error determination using ray tracing for a short baseline

Since the United States government discontinued Selective Availability (SA) on 1 May 2000, ionospheric effects have been responsible for the largest errors in GPS systems. The standard Differential GPS (DGPS) method is incapable of completely eliminating the ionospheric error. This paper describes a new approach to determine the differential ionospheric error between geographically distributed receiver stations. The ray paths of GPS signals were simulated using a modified Jones 3D ray tracing programme that includes the effect of the geomagnetic field. A Nelder–Mead optimisation algorithm was embedded in the program to precisely determine the satellite-to-station path. A realistic ionospheric model is essential for accurate ray tracing results and for estimates of differential error that are accurate on sub-centimetre scales. Here, the ionospheric model used in the ray tracing programme was developed by fitting realistic ionosphere profiles with a number of exponential functions. Results were compared to the theoretical approach. Results show that the differential delay is about 1–5 cm at low elevation angles for a short baseline of 10 km, as reported in other literature. This delay is often neglected in DGPS application. The differential delay also shows a pattern similar to that predicted by the Klobuchar model. The method proposed here can be used to improve future GPS applications.     

Comparative analysis of TEC disturbances over tropical cyclone zones in the North–West Pacific Ocean

In this paper, we study ionospheric total electron content (TEC) disturbances associated with tropical cyclones (TCs). The study relies on the statistical analysis of six cyclones of different intensity which occurred in the North–West Pacific Ocean in September–November 2005. We have used TEC data from the international network of two-frequency ground-based GPS receivers and NCEP/NCAR meteorological archive. TEC variations of different period ranges (02–20 and 20–60 min) are shown to be more intense during TC peaks under quiet geomagnetic conditions. The highest TEC variation amplitudes are registered when the wind speed in the cyclone and the TC area are maximum. The intensification of TEC disturbances is more pronounced when several cyclones occur simultaneously. We have revealed that the ionospheric response to TC can be observed only after the cyclone has reached typhoon intensity. The ionospheric response is more pronounced at low satellite elevation angles.     

Analysis and improvement of ionospheric thin shell model used in SBAS for China region

The most frequently used mapping function for converting slant total electron content (STEC) to vertical total electron content (VTEC) uses a simplified ionospheric single layer model in satellite based augmentation system (SBAS). Aiming at ionospheric single layer model altitude variation, we analyzed the statistical characteristic of mapping function in systemic approach particular for the region of China, and then experimental mapping function was proposed. The experimental mapping function is used in SBAS ionospheric correction and the precision of vertical correction is compared with standard mapping function. The results show that conversion factor errors depend on latitude, time and elevation, experimental mapping function is helpful to the vertical TEC estimation and may improve the precision of SBAS ionospheric refraction correction especially for the low latitude region of China.     

三频信标高精度TEC测量新方法

电子总含量(TEC)是电离层探测的主要参量之一, 作为层析(CT)的输入参量, TEC测量精度直接影响电离层CT成像的结果. 过去主要采用双频信标测量TEC, 由于相位积分常数的求解、系统硬件延迟等误差, 使得TEC测量结果不能满足电离层CT高精度重建成像的要求. 三频相干信标技术的出现, 使得电离层天基测量技术有了新的发展. 提出了基于三频信标的传播时延-相位联合测量反演TEC的方法, 融合三频信标在电子密度随机起伏探测和相位积分常数计算两方面的优势, 进一步提高了TEC的测量精度. 模拟结果显示利用此方法的三频信标TEC测量结果提高了电离层CT的精度.      

The use of ionospheric tomography and elevation masks to reduce the overall error in single-frequency GPS timing applications

Signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites at the horizon or at low elevations are often excluded from a GPS solution because they experience considerable ionospheric delays and multipath effects. Their exclusion can degrade the overall satellite geometry for the calculations, resulting in greater errors; an effect known as the Dilution of Precision (DOP). In contrast, signals from high elevation satellites experience less ionospheric delays and multipath effects. The aim is to find a balance in the choice of elevation mask, to reduce the propagation delays and multipath whilst maintaining good satellite geometry, and to use tomography to correct for the ionosphere and thus improve single-frequency GPS timing accuracy. GPS data, collected from a global network of dual-frequency GPS receivers, have been used to produce four GPS timing solutions, each with a different ionospheric compensation technique. One solution uses a 4D tomographic algorithm, Multi-Instrument Data Analysis System (MIDAS), to compensate for the ionospheric delay. Maps of ionospheric electron density are produced and used to correct the single-frequency pseudorange observations. This method is compared to a dual-frequency solution and two other single-frequency solutions: one does not include any ionospheric compensation and the other uses the broadcast Klobuchar model. Data from the solar maximum year 2002 and October 2003 have been investigated to display results when the ionospheric delays are large and variable. The study focuses on Europe and results are produced for the chosen test site, VILL (Villafranca, Spain). The effects of excluding all of the GPS satellites below various elevation masks, ranging from 5° to 40°, on timing solutions for fixed (static) and mobile (moving) situations are presented. The greatest timing accuracies when using the fixed GPS receiver technique are obtained by using a 40° mask, rather than a 5° mask. The mobile GPS timing solutions are most accurate when satellites at lower elevations continue to be included: using a mask between 10° and 20°. MIDAS offers the most accurate and least variable single-frequency timing solution and accuracies to within 10 ns are achieved for fixed GPS receiver situations. Future improvements are anticipated by combining both GPS and Galileo data towards computing a timing solution.     

Multipath Separation-Direction of Arrival (MS-DOA) with Genetic Search Algorithm for HF channels

Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) defines the estimation of arrival angles of an electromagnetic wave impinging on a set of sensors. For dispersive and time-varying HF channels, where the propagating wave also suffers from the multipath phenomena, estimation of DOA is a very challenging problem. Multipath Separation-Direction of Arrival (MS-DOA), that is developed to estimate both the arrival angles in elevation and azimuth and the incoming signals at the output of the reference antenna with very high accuracy, proves itself as a strong alternative in DOA estimation for HF channels. In MS-DOA, a linear system of equations is formed using the coefficients of the basis vector for the array output vector, the incoming signal vector and the array manifold. The angles of arrival in elevation and azimuth are obtained as the maximizers of the sum of the magnitude squares of the projection of the signal coefficients on the column space of the array manifold. In this study, alternative Genetic Search Algorithms (GA) for the maximizers of the projection sum are investigated using simulated and experimental ionospheric channel data. It is observed that GA combined with MS-DOA is a powerful alternative in online DOA estimation and can be further developed according to the channel characteristics of a specific HF link.     

大耀斑期间向日面电离层总电子含量的响应个例分析

利用2001年4月15日1336UT耀斑爆发期间向日面GPS观测数据提取的总电子含量的时间变化曲线。分析了向日面电离层对这次耀斑的响应特点．结果表明，耀斑期间向日面电离层出现了总电子含量突增事件．最大总电子含量增加量约为2．6TECU，在0600LT和1800LT都观测到了总电子含量突增，世增加幅度仅为0．5-1TECU．在高纬地区，由于电离层闪烁，从TEC时间变化曲线提取不出来总电子含量增加值．从各卫星星下点处的TEC增加量和各星下点处的太阳天顶角的关系可以看到，TEC增加量与太阳天顶角有关，太阳天顶角越大，TEC增幅越小。另外，从总电子含量时间变化率曲线上还观测到了时间同步的小尺度扰动，通过与耀斑期间硬X射线辐射通量的比较，发现两者有明显的相关性，电离层中的这种扰动与耀斑期间的硬X射线或远紫外辐射有关．     

Modeling the pre-earthquake electrostatic effect on the F region ionosphere

This paper presents the results of modeling the ionospheric effect of the seismogenic electrostatic field (SEF) seen at the earth’s surface as a perturbation of the vertical atmospheric electrostatic field in the earthquake preparation zone. The SEF distribution at ionospheric altitudes is obtained as an analytical solution of the continuity equation for the electric current density. It is shown that at night, the horizontally large scale SEF can efficiently penetrate into the ionosphere and produce noticeable changes in the horizontal distribution of the F region electron density. The results suggest that the seismogenic electrostatic field could be a possible source for the ionospheric variations observed over Taiwan before the strong Chi Chi earthquake of September 21, 1999.     

电离层薄层高度对电离层模型化的影响

利用IRI2012模型分析了电离层薄层高度的时空变化规律,提出了基于应用中STEC的电离层改正误差分析理论,分析了电离层薄层高度变化的相关影响.结果表明,电离层薄层高度变化对电离层穿刺点位置、投影映射函数值、电离层建模结果、电离层模型精化和电离层模型精度评估结果的影响较大.高度截止角为10°时,电离层薄层高度变化导致电离层穿刺点的经纬度差异最大可达3.2°,投影映射函数最高可引入约15.46%的误差,电离层建模结果差异和建模实用误差最高分别达9.71%,3.64%,采用不同薄层高度数据的电离层模型参数拟合和模型精化结果最大可引入约9.26%的误差,采用不同电离层薄层高度数据进行模型精度评定时最大可引入约9.62%的误差.根据这些研究结果可知:在实际应用中应采用电离层薄层高度模型,并选取较大的卫星高度截止角来减小薄层高度变化引入的误差;采用固定高度时,区域电离层建模采用与实际电离层薄层一致的固定高度;进行精度评估时,参考数据的电离层薄层高度与需要精度评估的电离层模型薄层高度相等.