月地转移轨道快速设计与特性分析

对采用直接大气再入方式的月地转移轨道,考虑大气再入界面参数和地面落点位置约束,提出了一种基于双二体模型的快速设计方法。该方法分为内外两层迭代循环,内层循环使月心段轨道和地心段轨道在月球影响球边界处连续,并采用Lambert问题与Newton-Raphson法相集合的方法求解满足再入角约束的地心段轨道参数;外层循环通过调整地心段轨道倾角和轨道置入时间使月地转移轨道满足地面落点位置约束。分析表明,存在四种类型的月地转移轨道满足大气再入界面约束,分别为降 降型、降 升型、升 降型和升 升型。在此基础上,对四种类型月地转移轨道的近地点地心距、置入分布点、再入点分布等特性进行了分析。仿真结果验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

载人月球极地探测定点返回轨道设计

针对载人月球极地探测任务，对定点返回轨道优化设计问题进行了研究。根据月球极地轨道的特性，介绍了三种返回轨道机动方案。结合三脉冲变轨方案，采用了从初步计算到精确计算的串行求解策略，对定点返回轨道进行优化设计。初步计算阶段，建立了基于近月点伪参数的三段二体拼接模型，将三脉冲机动段与月球逃逸段解耦，求解轨道初值；精确计算阶段，提出了两段拼接方法，分别进行逆向和正向高精度数值积分。经过仿真测试，验证了该策略求解的有效性和准确性。最后，通过大量的仿真计算，分析了定点返回轨道的特性。研究结论对未来载人月球极地探测定点返回轨道方案的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

精确动力学模型下的火星探测轨道设计

首先在二体意义下采用粒子群优化算法（PSO）求解Lambert问题,确定发射窗口和二体地火转移轨道。使用圆锥曲线拼接法设计地心停泊轨道、逃逸轨道,并作为轨道精确设计的初值,以建立在火星的B平面参数和地火转移时间为约束,在精确动力学模型下进行微分迭代修正,最终得到满足约束的精确轨道。将设计轨道在STK软件中仿真,结果吻合。     

小推力转移燃料消耗估计的机器学习方法

深空探测任务设计初段往往需要求解复杂的全局优化问题。小推力轨迹的设计与优化问题精确求解较为复杂,求解速度较慢。由于计算能力与时间要求,不可能在全局优化的过程中对每一个方案都进行精确的小推力数值求解,所以在全局优化阶段需要对小推力转移进行快速准确地估计。采用机器学习的方法,对燃料最优小推力转移的燃料消耗进行了估计,其结果明显优于目前最为常用的Lambert估计方法。根据轨道描述方法的不同以及是否带有Lambert估计特征,采用不同的特征组合进行机器学习,分析结果发现带有Lambert估计特征的春分点轨道根数的特征组合为较好的机器学习特征组合。可为未来深空探测任务轨道设计提供参考。     

直接再入大气的月地转移轨道设计

针对从月球停泊轨道出发直接再入大气的月地转移轨道设计问题，提出了一种数值求解算法。该算法由初值设计和精确解求解两部分组成。首先，根据轨道设计的相应约束，采用伪状态理论，通过简单迭代求解高精度的初值。然后，考虑精确的动力学模型，通过数值积分计算真实轨道和状态转移矩阵，并利用微分修正方法搜索精确解。该算法通过设计高精度的初值，降低了月地转移轨道的设计难度。数值仿真表明:该算法求解效率高，具有良好的鲁棒性。      

月球探测器发射机会分析

发射月球探测器实际上是使探测器与月球交会的问题,由于月球位置的变化,选择不同的交会日期相应的地月转移轨道是不相同的。文章分析了月球在一个恒星月内位置变化与相应的地月转移轨道升交点赤经和近地点幅角变化的关系,在这个基础上讨论了发射机会和发射窗口问题。     

向月球飞行轨道的若干特性研究

利用圆锥曲线拼接技术,研究从地球圆形停泊轨道飞向月球的轨道及月球卫星轨道的轨道特性.当地月转移轨道平面与月球轨道平面共面时,月心轨道和地月转移轨道射入条件的关系可用一组代数方程描述;不共面时,可用一组超越方程迭代求解.数字仿真得到了有益结论.      

一种地月转移轨道中途修正的制导算法

针对地月转移轨道中途修正问题，提出了一种求解修正速度增量的制导算法。该算法由初值设计和精确解求解两部分组成。首先，利用伪状态理论，通过简单迭代设计中途修正的初值，并通过Vinti预报方法修正了地球扁率的影响。然后，在求解精确解时，提出了一种基于伪状态理论的状态转移矩阵解析算法。该算法通过设计高精度的初值，降低了求解地月转移轨道中途修正问题的难度，而且避免了传统数值方法计算状态转移矩阵的复杂性。数值仿真结果表明，该算法可有效求解中途修正问题。     

月球极轨探测器轨道方案设计

首先介绍了一种当前技术较为先进的奔月转移轨道方案－定相环形轨移轨道，指出了其优缺点及可行的轨道修正方案，然后确定了对月观测型探测器轨道设计原则，并采用定相环形奔月转移轨道，从总体方案的角度给出了一个月球探测器轨道设计方案，提出了具体的设计与分析方法，最后以某月球探测器为例进行了计算，给出了设计结果。     

地-月L2点中继星月球近旁转移轨道设计

位于地月L2点周期轨道的中继星将首次为"嫦娥4号"月球背面着陆探测任务提供通信中继服务。中继星转移轨道设计是中继任务实施的关键环节。针对中继星转移轨道存在转移时间、近月点高度和halo轨道振幅等约束条件,系统研究了基于月球近旁的地月L2点转移轨道设计方法。首先基于限制性三体模型,分析了halo轨道族与着陆点可见性关系;然后将月球近旁转移轨道分为地月直接转移段和地月动平衡点附近周期轨道拟流形入轨转移段,采用带有状态约束的微分修正算法对这两段轨道进行拼接,得到了从地球附近至目标轨道族的月球近旁转移轨道;最后,针对南族halo轨道分析了halo轨道振幅和月球飞越高度对转移轨道设计的影响,以及转移轨道的入轨相位分布。仿真结果表明:月球近旁转移轨道设计方案具备工程上的可行性与优越性。该方案可以为实际工程任务和应用提供参考。     

Alternative transfer to the Earth–Moon Lagrangian points L4 and L5 using lunar gravity assist

Lagrangian points L4 and L5 lie at 60° ahead of and behind the Moon in its orbit with respect to the Earth. Each one of them is a third point of an equilateral triangle with the base of the line defined by those two bodies. These Lagrangian points are stable for the Earth–Moon mass ratio. As so, these Lagrangian points represent remarkable positions to host astronomical observatories or space stations. However, this same distance characteristic may be a challenge for periodic servicing mission. This paper studies elliptic trajectories from an Earth circular parking orbit to reach the Moon’s sphere of influence and apply a swing-by maneuver in order to re-direct the path of a spacecraft to a vicinity of the Lagrangian points L4 and L5. Once the geocentric transfer orbit and the initial impulsive thrust have been determined, the goal is to establish the angle at which the geocentric trajectory crosses the lunar sphere of influence in such a way that when the spacecraft leaves the Moon’s gravitational field, its trajectory and velocity with respect to the Earth change in order to the spacecraft arrives at L4 and L5. In this work, the planar Circular Restricted Three Body Problem approximation is used and in order to avoid solving a two boundary problem, the patched-conic approximation is considered.     

Design and analysis of an extended mission of CE-2: From lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region

Chang’E-2 (CE-2) has firstly successfully achieved the exploring mission from lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region. In this paper, we discuss the design problem of transfer trajectory and at the same time analyze the visible segment of Tracking, Telemetry & Control (TT&C) system for this mission. Firstly, the four-body problem of Sun–Earth–Moon and Spacecraft can be decoupled in two different three-body problems (Sun–Earth + Moon Restricted Three-Body Problems (RTBPs) and Earth–Moon ephemeris model). Then, the transfer trajectory segments in different model are computed, respectively, and patched by Poincaré sections. The full-flight trajectory including transfer trajectory from lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region and target Lissajous orbit is obtained by the differential correction method. Finally, the visibility of TT&C system at the key time is analyzed. Actual execution of CE-2 extended mission shows that the trajectory design of CE-2 mission is feasible.     

Design and analysis of a direct transfer trajectory from a near rectilinear halo orbit to a low lunar orbit

A near rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) is regarded as a potential orbit for a future deep space station that can effectively support sustainable crewed lunar exploration missions. In this paper, the L₂ southern NRHOs are selected as the research object, and a direct transfer trajectory from an NRHO to a low lunar orbit (LLO) is designed and analyzed. First, based on the circular restricted three-body problem, the characteristics of NRHOs are discussed including geometric behaviour, stability and synodic resonance. Second, optimal direct transfer trajectories are obtained by combining a local gradient optimization with a numerical continuation strategy. A reachable domain calculation model is established. Finally, simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the trajectory design method. The relationship between the velocity change and the reachable domain is further analysed through simulation calculations.     

Parameterized design of abort trajectories with a lunar flyby for a crewed mission

This article proposes an analytical preliminary design method for abort trajectory with a lunar flyby and the trajectory ergodic representation based on parameterization, as well as their application in studying the abort trajectories’ characteristics. First, by introducing two parameters, the perilune altitude and the perilune transfer time, the preliminary solution is developed parametrically using pseudostate theory to connect two special Lambert processes. The fast convergence of the improved differential correction under the high-fidelity gravity field verifies the accuracy of the proposed preliminary design method. Next, the two parameters are regarded as a set of variables to define an abort trajectory. Based on this, an ergodic representation of the abort trajectory with a certain abort time is yielded using the proposed design method, which offers a global view of the feasible abort trajectories. In addition, the influences of some factors on the performance of these abort trajectories are investigated based on the proposed design method and ergodic representation. The simulation results show that the abort time and the transfer time of the nominal trajectory significantly affect the ergodic representation and characteristics of the abort trajectory.     

嫦娥一号卫星地月转移轨道中途修正分析

 中国第一颗月球探测卫星“嫦娥一号”于2007年10月24日成功发射并于11月7日顺利进入了距月面200km的科学探测的使命轨道,原计划在整个飞行过程中比较关键的轨道段是地月转移轨道段。要进行2至3次中途轨道修正,而实际的飞行结果只在第41h作了一次很小的修正,所用的速度增量是4.8m/s。基于有关的实测数据对此进行详细的分析,以期获得一些规律性的认识。     

地球同步轨道卫星混合推进转移轨道特性分析

以地球同步轨道卫星转移轨道设计为背景，针对全化学推进燃料消耗大和全电推进转移时间长的问题，开展了化学 电混合推进转移轨道优化设计与特性分析。首先，讨论了轨道倾角和近地点幅角变化对混合推进转移轨道的影响。研究表明，在混合推进优化设计中需要将轨道倾角作为优化变量之一。然后，以近地点半径、远地点半径、轨道倾角为优化变量生成搜索网格，得到过渡轨道集。针对每条过渡轨道，构建化学推进转移段和电推进转移段。其中化学推进段采用单圈兰伯特转移解算，电推进段采用混合法优化。最后，以燃料消耗和转移时间为指标，在搜索域内开展解算分析，研究了混合推进轨道在整个搜索域内的变化趋势。该方法可以提供具有不同燃料消耗和转移时间的混合推进转移解集，拓宽了解空间，可供轨道设计人员根据任务约束灵活选用。