机械产品设计的过程建模

产品设计是一种复杂的人类创造性思维活动.在分析产品设计及其过程的基础上,利用集合与映射的理论与方法,依此建立了产品设计、产品设计过程、产品概念设计过程的模型,给出了产品概念设计过程的网络算法框图,并且详细定义了后者的分解与综合的流程,为产品设计过程的模型化、规律化打下了良好的基础,同时也为产品全生命周期设计过程计算机软件支持工具的开发作出了有益的探索.     

Laser sounding of aerosols using airborne and space facilities

The paper presents the results of laser sounding of water droplet crystal and mixed clouds carried out using an airborne lidar. A new method of determining the phase state of a cloud is described. The results are given on numerical experiments of laser sounding of various clouds using a polarization lidar for large variety of geometrical parameters of sounding schemes and optical characteristics of clouds. Numerical simulation of the results of laser sounding of aerosols from outer space for different lidar parameters and geometrical schemes of sounding is carried out using new models of vertical profiles of aerosol characteristics.     

高速柔性转子支承松动力学特征及动力特性

针对高速柔性转子支承松动的结构特征、力学特征以及多支点转子系统动力学设计的需要,研究了转子支承结构松动引起支承刚度非连续变化的产生机理,建立了支承松动转子系统动力学模型,分析了支承松动转子系统存在混沌运动的条件,即当转子动力特性对支承刚度变化敏感时,受支承刚度阶跃影响,支承松动转子系统会产生混沌运动。根据多支点转子系统动力学特性与支承结构位置、刚度的相关性,采用优化支承位置和支承刚度的方法,使转子动力特性对支承刚度非连续变化不敏感,为多支点高速柔性转子系统的动力学优化设计提供了设计途径。     

基于Simapro的气动与电动执行器生命周期评价

在机械性能和工况相近的情况下,对3组气动执行器和电动执行器进行生命周期评价(LCA,Life Cycle Assessment),分析了气动和电动执行器的环境影响评价主要因素,确定了两种执行器的LCA研究范围、系统边界和时间边界,归纳了两种执行器制造过程的主要工艺和零部件的工艺特征,最后在Simapro 7.1中进行了两种执行器的评价框架建立和数据录入,根据Eco-indicator 99进行了两种执行器LCA对比分析.结果表明,执行器对资源的环境影响约占环境影响综合值的50%;机械性能和工况相近的气动和电动执行器,电动执行器的环境影响比气动执行器大.     

Kinetic theory of the current sheath. I. On polarization of an equilibrium current sheath

The basic theme of this paper is the investigation of the polarizing electric fields caused by anisotropy of thermal plasma of a current sheath. The paper provides a generalization of the equilibrium distribution function of the current sheath (Harris function) to the case of temperature anisotropy of plasma along and across the sheath. It appears that solution of the electroneutral equilibrium represents a narrow class of solutions and is true only for certain relations between the parameters of the problem. In the general case, the plasma of a stationary current sheath is polarized. The structure of the current sheath of a magnetosphere tail is investigated with regard to the effect of polarization, and profiles of the polarization electric fields are obtained. This field should be taken into account in the study of current sheath stability.     

面向需求的通用弹药质量评价

为更好地发挥军事需求的牵引作用,将武器装备符合性质量观念提升到适用性质量观念,提高通用弹药质量水平,科学地评价通用弹药质量非常重要.分析了外军武器装备需求实现和现代质量观念,提出了面向需求的武器装备质量评价理念,论述了面向需求的武器装备质量评价的作用,研究并建立了面向需求的武器装备质量评价模型,评价模型贯彻了需求牵引的思想.通过对通用弹药的特点和基本需求分析,建立了科学的、系统的通用弹药质量评价指标体系.     

The biological component of the life support system for a Martian expedition.

Ground-based experiments at RF SSC-IBMP RAS (State Science Center of Russian Federation--Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academia of Science) were aimed at overall studies of a human-unicellular algae-mineralization LSS (life support system) model. The system was 15 m3 in volume. It contained 45 L of algal suspension with a dry substance density of 10-12 g per liter; water volume, including the algal suspension, was 59 L. More sophisticated model systems with partial substitution of unicellular algae with higher plates (crop area of 15 m2) were tested in three experiments from 1.5 to 2 months in duration. The experiments demonstrated that LSS employing the unicellular algae play not only a macrofunction (regeneration of atmosphere and water) but also carry some other functions (purification of atmosphere, formation of microbial cenosis etc.) providing an adequate human environment. It is also important that functional reliability of the algal regenerative subsystem is secured by a huge number of cells able, in the event of death of a part of population, to recover in the shortest possible time the size of population and, hence, functionality of the LSS autotrophic component. For a long period of time a Martian crew will be detached from Earth's biosphere and for this reason LSS of their vehicle must be highly reliable, robust and redundant. One of the approaches to LSS redundancy is installation of two systems with different but equally efficient regeneration technologies, i.e. physical-chemical and biological. At best, these two systems should operate in parallel sharing the function of regeneration of the human environment. In case of failure or a sharp deterioration in performance of one system the other will, by way of redundancy, increase its throughput to make up for the loss. This LSS design will enable simultaneous handling of a number of critical problems including adequate satisfaction of human environmental needs.     

Comparison of Landsat OLI,ASTER, and Sentinel 2A data in lithological mapping : A Case study of Rich area (Central High Atlas,Morocco)

The eastern part of the Rich area consists of the massive Paleozoic and Meso-Cenozoic cover formations that present the geodynamic development of the study area, where is characterized by various carbonate facies of Jurassic age. The geographical characteristic of the study area leaves the zone difficult to map by conventional methods. The objective of this work focuses on the mapping of the constituent lithological units of the study area using multispectral data of Landsat OLI, ASTER, and Sentinel 2A MSI. The processing of these data is based on a precise methodology that distinguishs and highlights the limits of the different lithological units that have an approximate similarity of spectral signature. Three techniques were used to enhance the image including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Lithological mapping was performed using two types of supervised classification : Maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) and Support Vector Machine (SVM).The results of processing data show the effectiveness of Sentinel 2A data in mapping of lithological units than the ASTER and Landsat OLI data. The classification evaluation of two methods of the Sentinel 2A MSI image showed that the SVM method give a better classification with an overall accuracy of 93,93% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.93, while the MLC method present an overall accuracy of 82,86% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.80. The results of mapping obtained show a good correlation with the geological map of the study area as well as the efficiency of remote sensing in identification of different lithological units in the Central High Atlas.     

一种框架误差推导的新方法

二自由度陀螺仪使用中存在框架误差不是一个新问题,以往推求框架误差表达式时过程繁,易出错,且没有与不同定义的欧拉角联系起来;原则上欧拉角组有12种,不同定义的欧拉角框架误差表达式不同。陀螺仪在运载体上有六种安装方式,文中介绍推导框架误差表达式的简易方法,它不因欧拉角定义不同而带来麻烦。     

介质参数对吸收体电磁散射影响的研究

二维周期渐变微波吸收体由金属基体和涂敷有耗介质构成。有耗介质的厚度、介电常数和磁导率是影响吸收体电磁散射特性的主要因素,因此有必要分析这些参数对吸收体电磁散射特性的影响。根据吸收体的二维周期性结构特点,把分析介质参数对吸收体雷达散射截面(RCS)的影响简化成分析介质参数对涂敷导体二面角RCS的影响。利用矩量法给出涂敷导体二面角的RCS随介质参数变化的计算例子,并结合天线阵列技术算出最佳介质厚度时吸收体的RCS。     

550～600 km高度上热层大气密度的中长期变化

选用了2005年8月20日至2006年7月28日高度550～600 km附近的热层大气密度探测数据,对表征太阳活动的F10.7值和表征地磁活动强度的Ap指数进行了相关特性的统计.分析结果表明,在无明显地磁扰动时热层大气密度日平均值的涨落呈现27日和准半年的周期性变化,但在地磁扰动期间这种变化的周期性会被削弱,且大气密度的周日变化幅度与F10.7值呈正相关关系.      

Peculiarities of the submicroscopic organization of Chlorella cells cultivated on a solid medium in microgravity.

The submicroscopic organization of Chlorella vulgaris cells (strain LARG-1) growing over 30 days on a solid agarized medium aboard the orbital station "Mir" was studied. A number of differences in the ultrastructure of cells of the experimental population compared to the control has been revealed. Thus, changes in the membrane system of plastids, in particular, appearance of numerous vesicles of different diameter and outgrowths of the plastids and their contact with the plasmalemma as well as a considerable decrease of reserve polysaccharide number in the plastids. Moreover, an increase in the size of mitochondria, their cristae and lipid drops in cytoplasm, the formation of more complicated configuration folding of plasmalemma and appearance of small-granular material of mean electron density in the periplasmic space of Chlorella cells grown during space flight, are demonstrated. Comparative cytological analysis has revealed general regularities of rearrangements of the submicroscopic organization in Chlorella cells cultivated on both solid and semiliquid agarized nutrient media.     

非均匀螺距的双绞线串扰统计特性分析

双绞线的螺距误差会直接影响其抗干扰水平,螺距误差的随机性会造成双绞线串扰预测的不确定性.通过双绞线制作原理的分析,利用制作参数可以较准确得到任意双绞线螺距误差的概率密度.采取等弧度离散法和广义多端口网络的概念,快速建立非均匀螺距双绞线的频域串扰模型,得到感性耦合和螺距误差的关系.基于螺距误差的概率密度函数,可以有效分析任意双绞线串扰的统计特性.仿真结果表明双绞线制作参数转轴角速度的均值和方差是影响双绞线感性耦合大小的关键因素,在双绞线制作过程中必须予以考虑,以保证双绞线的抗干扰能力.      

The experimental study of microbial contamination of the space hardware.

The role of potential contaminants of design materials and products of space technology--aerobic and anaerobic prokaryotes (myxobacteria, eubacteria, corinebacteria, actinomyces), and eukaryotes (micromyces), psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic forms, chemolythotrophic microorganisms is discussed in this paper. The methods of analysis of microbial contamination in the solution of problem of the planetary protection are considered. The necessity of the use of ultrasound at the evaluation of surface and subsurface contamination of specimens is demonstrated; methods of determination of buried contamination (with the use of organic solvents and mechanical pulverization) are discussed. The data on buried and subsurface contamination for some materials and electronic parts together with microflora resistivity to sterilizing treatment are given.     

我国火箭探测资料与CIRA 1986稿的比较

本文用我国气象火箭探测获得的中层大气风、温度、密度和气压等数据,与国际参考大气模式CIRA 1986稿作了比较.结果看到,我国火箭探测温度数据值在模式给出的平均值剖面上下波动,符合的程度在国际比对偏差范围之内;用探测数据分析得到的风的季节性和声重波强度等与模式给出的描述都很符合.从而说明,用CIRA 1986稿来表征我国上空的中层大气结构是合适的.      

复杂环境下舰载机弹射起飞环境因素建模分析

舰载机弹射起飞过程复杂,受到甲板运动、舰首气流、地面效应等复杂环境因素的影响.通过构建甲板运动模型、甲板风模型和地面效应模型,描述了弹射起飞过程中复杂的外部环境,并视为附加项加入到常规飞机方程中,建立了舰载机弹射起飞模型.研究表明:地面效应不利于舰载机弹射起飞;甲板风与舰首气流可抑制航迹下沉;舰面运动对舰载机离舰后下沉量影响很大.      

反舰导弹平面机动突防策略的优化设计

研究了遗传算法在反舰导弹综合突防策略的优化设计方面的应用.反舰导弹的综合突防包括若干个相互承接的环节,首先将反舰导弹的综合突防概率优化问题分解为各个环节突防的条件概率的优化问题,复杂事件得到简化.反舰导弹为了提高突防概率必须做机动,每个环节对应的机动参数取值在一定范围内变化,每个环节的突防概率受到对应的这组参数的影响.选用遗传算法对突防参数进行优化设计.用遗传算法对反舰导弹各个突防环节进行优化设计,找出使每个突防环节突防概率最大的一组参数,进而得到综合突防最优机动参数组合,使反舰导弹的综合突防概率最大.     

采用主动控制提高民用客机的滑跑性能

以机体的垂直加速度和垂直位移为性能指标,通过建立自校正控制起落架的非线性模型和系统的ARMAX模型,应用多步递推预报对控制器进行设计并结合系统结构和参数的辨识,实现了起落架的自校正控制.计算仿真结果表明,此方案有效地提高了民用客机的滑跑性能.      

The flux of Earth-crossing and moon-cratering interplanetary bodies

Methods of determining the present flux and total number of kilometer-sized Earth-crossing objects are discussed, including (1) probability considerations based on the frequency of chance rediscoveries of the lost objects, (2) evaluation of large-scale photographic surveys for the detection of fast moving objects, and (3) evaluation of close encounters of interplanetary bodies with the Earth. The results are interfaced with the lunar and terrestrial cratering history. It is shown that the discrepancies between these two independent lines of evidence are still within the margin of uncertainty set by observational biases, cratering efficiencies, and surface reflectivities of the objects, in particular as regards extinct cometary nuclei. Impacts of active comets can only be held responsible for a very small fraction of the craters, and impacts of high-albedo Apollo asteroids are consistent with a steady state. There is no definite enhancement of the present-day flux as compared with the average level of cratering during the last 3 Gyr which would require significant variations in the stellar environment of the solar system, affecting the rate of delivery of new comets from the Oort cloud. There is also no evidence of a recent major collisional event in the asteroid belt. Deviations from an equilibrium between source and sink only become effective in the size range of meteor particles, where no long-term cratering record is available. They are apparently due to a very limited number of parent objects, and appear on a time scale which is very short compared with the age of the solar system.     

航天器自主天文导航系统的可观测性及可观测度分析

天文导航系统中的观测量是一个重要的精度影响因素,星光角距和星光仰角是天文导航中两种最常用的观测信息,首先介绍了这两种观测信息及其量测方程的建立,然后从天文导航系统的可观测性和可观测度的角度,以观测矩阵的条件数作为系统可观测度的度量标准,分析了由于所选用的观测量的不同所导致的系统导航性能的差别,同时给出了一种衡量天文导航系统中的观测量和系统性能的分析方法.计算机仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性.