LEO原子氧对空间材料侵蚀的数值模拟

提出了吸附作用(包括物理吸附和化学吸附)是引起空间材料原子氧腐蚀的主要机理.以此为依据,建立了相应的腐蚀量的反应-扩散方程.应用分子动力学经典碰撞理论的估算表明了方程中的物理作用项对于扩散效应为一小量,从而进一步简化了方程.在所建立的模型方程中,选用了基于Eyring绝对速率理论的扩散系数.对空间表面材料Kapton在近地轨道LEO(Low Earth Orbit)环境受原子氧侵蚀的过程进行了数值模拟,计算结果与飞行试验数据在误差允许的范围内符合得较好.     

凹半球形轨道分子屏分子流场理论计算

借助一个封闭的球形理论模型,对稳态非均匀分子流环境下的凹半球形轨道分子屏进行研究,计算了试验区分子数密度分布情况,讨论了主要影响因素,结果显示,利用凹半球形轨道分子屏可获得１０＾８分子数／ｍ＾３（等效于１０＾－１２Ｐａ）的极高真空,分子屏出气对试验区分子数密度的贡献是主要的,分子屏粘附系数增大不能有效改善空载情况分子屏试验区的真空度。     

卫星表面原子氧通量和遭遇量的计算及讨论

建立了一个较为理想情况下卫星表面原子氧通量和遭遇量的计算模式。在此基础上,着重讨论了轨道高度、太阳活动、飞行攻角及轨道倾角等因素对原子氧通量和遭遇量的影响。      

寻找对映体生命

我们知道，生命是由碳元素组成的，碳原子在形成有机分子的时候，可以通过四根共价键和四个相同或不同的原子或基团相连，并形成三维的空间结构，由于相连的原子或基团不同，它往往会形成两种分子结构。这两种分子拥有完全一样的物理、化学性质：比如它     

原子氧和紫外线对聚酰亚胺综合作用数值模拟

在建立数学物理模型的基础上,对低地球轨道环境和地面试验环境下有无保护涂层的聚酰亚胺所受原子氧冲蚀及紫外线的综合作用进行了数值模拟,获得了具有工程应用价值的计算结果,并讨论了数学物理模型中各参数对基蚀曲线形状的影响.从数值模拟结果与美国太空试验结果的比较可以看出,得出的数值模拟的结果是正确的,对航天器设计具有重要的指导意义.     

气动力辅助椭圆轨道转移技术研究

研究了两种共面椭圆轨道最优转移方法--基于单纯推力的双脉冲对称转移和基于气动力辅助变轨技术的协同机动方法。推导了双脉冲对称转移问题中转移椭圆轨道的求解公式,采用遗传算法求解最优变轨点位置,给出了变轨脉冲的计算方法。将气动力辅助对称转移过程分为3段：真空飞行段、大气飞行段、真空飞行段。以能量最小为性能指标,将大气飞行段轨迹优化问题转化为标准最优控制问题模型,并利用Gauss伪谱法进行求解,得到“巡航+滑行+巡航+滑行”的大气最优飞行轨迹。最后对两种转移方法进行详细比较,指出初始椭圆轨道近地点越接近大气层,气动力辅助对称转移方法比双脉冲对称转移方法越节省能量。     

旋转大气下火星探测器轨道捕获

针对大气辅助捕获下多次穿越的方式,分别建立探测器气动捕获段在静止大气和旋转大气模型下的轨道动力学方程并进行相应的动力学仿真,分析旋转大气对轨道捕获的影响.根据仿真结果,给出了在两种大气模型下完成目标捕获时,任务耗时以及探测器所受的热量、过载情况,通过给定不同目标轨道近火点高度,得出两种大气模型下卫星轨道的轨道参数变化形式.结论表明:当目标轨道近火点高度较低时,旋转大气对探测器轨道参数的变化形式影响较大,应该考虑旋转大气的影响.     

考虑相互碰撞影响的月壤颗粒运动轨迹计算方法研究

针对登月着陆器下降过程扬起月壤颗粒的运动轨迹及空间分布问题, 提出了考虑月壤颗粒发生完全弹性碰撞和非完全弹性碰撞两种情况的月壤颗粒运动轨迹计算方法. 根据质量守恒和能量守恒定律确定月壤颗粒相互碰撞后的速度, 通过羽流场与月壤颗粒的流固耦合相互迭代计算方法, 获得被扬起的月壤颗粒在羽流场和相互碰撞共同作用下随时间的运动轨迹和空间分布. 基于美国Apollo 11登月过程实测数据, 采用数值模拟对该方法进行验证. 结果表明, 考虑月壤颗粒相互碰撞的影响后, 其运动规律出现较明显的扩散趋势. 进一步考虑月壤颗粒相互碰撞引起能量损失的影响后, 月壤颗粒的扩散趋势有所减弱, 并且扬起的高度随着恢复系数的减小而降低.      

新生代的气候效应与碳循环

对发生于新生代的６次巨大天体撞击作用（６５Ｍａ，３４Ｍａ，１５Ｍａ，２４Ｍａ，１．１Ｍａ，０．７Ｍａ）的气候效应进行的模拟表明，这６次巨大天体撞击作用产生的尘埃进入平流层后，可使全球平均温度下降至零度以下，降温效应持续时间最长可达３０年之久，首次在模拟中考虑全球性森林大火产生的ＣＯ２和死亡生物分解生成的ＣＯ２的温室效应，研究表明这两种作用使大气中ＣＯ２增量最大仅达６７％，其增温效应远远低于尘埃层产     

超低轨道热层大气密度原位探测

超低轨道（VLEO）由于其轨道较低,在该轨道运行的航天器在对地观测、科学研究方面具有独特优势,但对该轨道的大气密度变化特性认知不足。在阐述国内外超低轨道大气密度原位探测发展历史及现状的基础上,总结了现有超低轨道大气密度原位探测技术,对中国超低轨道大气密度原位结果进行了初步分析和讨论。结果表明:在2020年10月空间环境平静期,250 km和350 km高度大气密度相差一个量级;升降轨期间,超低轨道大气密度每千米分别下降0.025×10-12 kg/m3和0.041×10-12 kg/m3,均小于模式值的0.5倍;北纬40°时,处于午夜的升轨段（约250 km）大气密度是处于正午的降轨段（约420 km）大气密度的11.2倍,高度的影响大于地方时的影响;不同纬度下,实测日均值和模式日均值的比值从高纬的0.49降为低纬的0.39,模式值偏大。在超低轨道上,实测值总体上比模式值小,可为大气物理研究和应用研究提供基础数据。      

Measuring atmospheric density using GPS–LEO tracking data

We present a method to estimate the total neutral atmospheric density from precise orbit determination of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. We derive the total atmospheric density by determining the drag force acting on the LEOs through centimeter-level reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) using onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking data. The precision of the estimated drag accelerations is assessed using various metrics, including differences between estimated along-track accelerations from consecutive 30-h POD solutions which overlap by 6 h, comparison of the resulting accelerations with accelerometer measurements, and comparison against an existing atmospheric density model, DTM-2000. We apply the method to GPS tracking data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C, Jason-2, TerraSAR-X and COSMIC satellites, spanning 12 years (2001–2012) and covering orbital heights from 400 km to 1300 km. Errors in the estimates, including those introduced by deficiencies in other modeled forces (such as solar radiation pressure and Earth radiation pressure), are evaluated and the signal and noise levels for each satellite are analyzed. The estimated density data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C and TerraSAR-X are identified as having high signal and low noise levels. These data all have high correlations with anominal atmospheric density model and show common features in relative residuals with respect to the nominal model in related parameter space. On the contrary, the estimated density data from COSMIC and Jason-2 show errors larger than the actual signal at corresponding altitudes thus having little practical value for this study. The results demonstrate that this method is applicable to data from a variety of missions and can provide useful total neutral density measurements for atmospheric study up to altitude as high as 715 km, with precision and resolution between those derived from traditional special orbital perturbation analysis and those obtained from onboard accelerometers.     

Space debris mitigation strategies and practices in geosynchronous transfer orbits

Missions to geosynchronous orbits remain one of the most important elements of space launch traffic, accounting for 40% of all missions to Earth orbit and beyond during the four-year period 2000–2003. The vast majority of these missions leave one or more objects in geosynchronous transfer orbits (GTOs), contributing on a short-term or long-term basis to the space debris population. National and international space debris mitigation guidelines seek to curtail the accumulation of debris in orbits which penetrate the regions of low Earth orbit and of geosynchronous orbit. The orbital lifetime of objects in GTO can be greatly influenced by the initial values of perigee, inclination, and right ascension of the orbital plane, leading to orbital lifetimes of from less than one month to more than 100 years. An examination of the characteristic GTOs employed by launch vehicles from around the world has been conducted. The consequences of using perigees above 300 km and super-synchronous apogees, typically above 40,000 km, have been identified. In addition, the differences in orbital behavior of launch vehicle stages and mission-related debris in GTOs have been investigated. Greater coordination and cooperation between space launch service providers and spacecraft designers and owners could significantly improve overall compliance with guidelines to mitigate the accumulation of debris in Earth orbit.     

Global pictures of the ozone field,from high altitudes,from DE-I

Using the imaging instrumentation aboard the Dynamics Explorer spacecraft (DE-I), total column ozone densities are obtained in the sunlit hemisphere by measuring the intensities of backscattered solar ultraviolet radiation with multiple filters and multiple photometers. The high apogee altitude (23,000 km) of the eccentric polar orbit allows high resolution global-scale images of the terrestrial ozone field to be obtained within 12 minutes. Previous ozone-monitoring spacecraft have required much longer time periods for comparable spatial coverage because of their lower altitudes (<1200 km). The much higher altitude of DE-I also provides hours of continuous imaging of features compared to minutes or seconds with previous spacecraft. Near perigee, high resolution images can be gained with pixel size as small as 3 km to view mesoscale atmospheric variations. Utilizing these data, the effects of planetary-scale, synoptic-scale, and mesoscale dynamical processes, which control the distribution of ozone near the tropopause, can be studied. Preliminary results show short-term (less than one day) variations in the synoptic ozone field and these variations appear to be in accord with meteorological data. Spatial variations in the ozone field are found to be highly negatively correlated with tropopause altitude.     

Orbit insertion error analysis for a space-based gravitational wave observatory

Constellation is required to be highly stable over several years for a space-based gravitational wave observatory. However, the stability of the constellation can be affected by orbit insertion errors. The effects of orbit insertion errors on the constellation are mainly studied in this paper. Firstly, Monte-Carlo, Unscented Transformation Covariance Analysis Method (UTCAM) and Spherical Simplex Unscented Transformation Covariance Analysis Method (SSUTCAM) are used for simulation. The results indicate that UTCAM and SSUTCAM are highly efficient in calculating, with a relative error of less than 6%. Therefore, it is concluded that because of their accuracy and high efficiency, UTCAM and SSUTCAM can be adequately used in orbit insertion error analysis for a space-based gravitational wave observatory. Secondly, SSUTCAM is used to study the effects of position and velocity errors on the constellation. For the case in this paper, when the position error does not exceed 300 km, and the velocity error does not exceed 4 cm/s, the constellation remains stable.     

基于Gooding算法的天基光学目标跟踪定轨

开展了基于Gooding算法的400km天基平台光学目标监测的轨道确定研究，当测量误差为3”和6”时，分别对800，1500及36000km轨道高度目标进行初始轨道确定及轨道改进分析.仿真结果表明，利用400km轨道高度平台对800~1500km轨道高度目标进行初定轨，测量数据误差为3”~6”时，4~15min弧段的初定轨精度约在10km量级，1~2min弧段的初定轨精度约在100km量级；15min初定轨弧段轨道改进后误差在100m量级，弧段小于10min时轨道改进误差精度在km量级.利用400km轨道高度平台对36000km轨道高度目标进行初定轨，测量数据误差为3”时，15~20min弧段的初定轨精度约在数十km量级，8~10min弧段的初定轨精度在100km量级；轨道改进后误差在km量级.测量数据误差为6”时，20min弧段初定轨精度在10km量级，8~15min弧段初定轨精度在100km量级，轨道改进后误差精度在10km量级.      

Modeling and attitude control of CubeSat utilizing moving mass actuators

Any vehicle propelled by solid rocket motors (SRMs) must include an attitude control system capable of dealing with the torque generated by thrust misalignment. In order to expand the application of SRMs on CubeSats, an attitude control system utilizing moving mass actuators is discussed. The present research develops an eight-degree-of-freedom simulation model of a 2U CubeSat with two moving mass actuators. That model also considers the influence of propellant combustion processes. By analyzing the model disturbance source and systematic coupling, the key layout parameters are designed and a simplified control model is proposed. The controller is derived based on a combination of backstepping and sliding mode techniques. An orbit maneuver from 300 km circular orbit to 300 and 500 km elliptical orbit using this attitude control system is verified.     

精确星光大气折射导航观测模型的研究

高精度星光折射间接敏感地平的自主导航方法,目前被国内外广泛关注,由于大气参数变化的不确定性,国内外现用星光折射模型有一定局限性,使得利用星光折射导航定位精度大打折扣.根据大气密度随高度、纬度、季节等变化规律,有效改进现有固定高度(25km)的观测模型,可从整体上提高自主导航精度及可靠性.并通过对大气折射原理、平流层大气数据、大气模型以及影响星光折射观测模型的诸多因素的深入研究,建立了自适应连续高度(20~50km)的星光折射观测模型,同时建立带摄动的系统方程,利用Unscented卡尔曼滤波算法进行了计算机仿真研究,并对仿真结果进行了误差分析.      

太阳帆飞行器轨道动力学分析

通过分析对轨道要素影响最大的加速度分量,使太阳帆总是位于光压力沿这个加速度方向的分量最大的方位。通过分析轨道要素调整时的相互影响关系,提出了同时修正多种轨道偏差的控制方案。对处于地球静止轨道上太阳帆飞行器的轨道调整进行了数值仿真。结果证明利用太阳光压力进行轨道调整是可行的,而且有利的太阳方位是进行快速有效的轨道调整的必要条件。     

A deorbiter CubeSat for active orbital debris removal

This paper introduces a mission concept for active removal of orbital debris based on the utilization of the CubeSat form factor. The CubeSat is deployed from a carrier spacecraft, known as a mothership, and is equipped with orbital and attitude control actuators to attach to the target debris, stabilize its attitude, and subsequently move the debris to a lower orbit where atmospheric drag is high enough for the bodies to burn up. The mass and orbit altitude of debris objects that are within the realms of the CubeSat’s propulsion capabilities are identified. The attitude control schemes for the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission are specified. The objective of the deorbiting maneuver is to decrease the semi-major axis of the debris orbit, at the fastest rate, from its initial value to a final value of about 6471?km (i.e., 100?km above Earth considering a circular orbit) via a continuous low-thrust orbital transfer. Two case studies are investigated to verify the performance of the deorbiter CubeSat during the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission. The baseline target debris used in the study are the decommissioned KOMPSAT-1 satellite and the Pegasus rocket body. The results show that the deorbiting times for the target debris are reduced significantly, from several decades to one or two years.