An imaging gas scintillation proportional counter coupled to a channel multiplier array for application in cosmic X-ray spectroscopy

The development of an imaging gas scintillation proportional counter which utilises a channel multiplier array as the readout element is discussed. Preliminary experimental results and theoretical considerations indicate that spatial and energy resolutions of below 500 μm and 8% respectively should be achievable at an X-ray energy of 6 keV.     

The X-ray spectrometer experiment on the first spacelab flight

The First Spacelab Flight - scheduled for September 1983 - will carry a multidisciplinary payload intended to demonstrate that valuable scientific results can be achieved with such short duration missions. The payload complement includes a spectrometer to undertake observations of the brighter cosmic X-ray sources. The primary scientific objectives of this experiment are the study of detailed spectral features in cosmic X-ray sources and their associated temporal variations over a wide energy range from about 2 keV up to 80 keV. The instrument based on the gas scintillation proportional counter, will have an effective area of some 180 cm² with an energy resolution of ～ 9% FWHM at 7 keV. The key performance parameters of the instrument, which include calibration results and the sensitivity of the planned observations, are discussed.     

Energy spectra of non-pulsating low mass X-ray binaries

Detailed analyses of data obtained with gas scintillation proportional counter on Tenma huave been done for four low mass X-ray binaries (LMXB's); that is, Sco X-1, 4U1608-52, GX 349+2, and GX 5-1. This paper presents a new scenario concerning the spectra of LMXB's based on the observational fact from Tenma. The energy spectra of these sources can be expressed by a sum of two spectral components; that is, a hard component with a blackbody of temperature, kT ? 2 keV and soft component with a multi-color blackbody of maximum temperature kT ? 1.4 keV which is expected from the optically thick accretion disk.     

Hadamard X-ray Spectro-telescope

The Hadamard X-ray Spectro-telescope consists of a flat Bragg crystal, an Hadamard mask and an imaging proportional counter. We have achieved α??α≈50, which is limited by the position resolution of the detector. This telescope is useful to observe the spectral structure of extended X-ray sources. We introduce a new type of read out method (Grouped Wire Method) for the position sensitive proportional counter in order to get high energy and position resolutions for the Hadamard Spectro-telescope. In principle, this method is capable of obtaining the desired linearity over the whole area of the detector.     

The exosat mission

Exosat, the European X-ray Observatory, was placed in orbit on 26 May 1983. The spacecraft, stabilized axes in three to a few arc second, carries four instruments, two one-metre focal length imaging telescopes, a large area proportional counter array and a gas scintillation proportional counter spectrometer. The salient features of the instrumentation, the sensitivities achieved in orbit and the status after the first year of orbital operation are described. Three specific observations, VO332+53, SCO X–1 and M.83 are discussed to demonstrate the power of the EXOSAT instrumentation and the operational flexibility of the spacecraft and ground system.     

The tenma mission

Tenma, the second X-ray astronomy satellite of Japan launched in February 1983, is outlined. The main instrument of Tenma is a large-area gas scintillation proportional counter array. Some of the highlights of the results thus far obtained are briefly discussed.     

Development and performance of a position sensitive proportion counter for the rosat project

A multiwire proportional counter capable of imaging soft X-rays has been constructed. The position of an incident photon is obtained by measuring the induced charge signals on two orthogonal sets of cathode wire grids. The anode signal is used as trigger and energy signal. At a photon energy of 0.94 keV the achieved position resolution is 300 μm (FWHM), and the energy resolution is 45% (FWHM). With a five sided anticoincidence the background rejection efficiency is 90–95%.A small version of the counter has successfully been flown twice on sounding rocket payloads. X-ray images of the supernova remnants Puppis A and Cassiopeia A have been taken. As the prime focal plane detector for the ROSAT project we are building a version with an aperture of 80 mm.     

FY-2C卫星太阳X射线探测器性能定标

通过具体的实验对FY-2C太阳X射线探测器进行了详细的定标.太阳X射线探测器的传感器采用充Ar气的正比计数器.主要探测能量大于4 KeV的太阳X射线流量.在坪特性、效率、正比性、能道划分、能量分辨率和时间分辨率等6个方面详细介绍了定标的方法及结果.定标结果表明,FY-2C卫星的太阳X射线探测器在各个方面都具有很好的性能.最后对FY-2C的在轨探测数据与GOES卫星进行了比较.GOES卫星的太阳X射线传感器采用电离室.FY-2C的探测结果与GOES的探测结果非常吻合.结果表明,FY-2C太阳X射线探测器可以很好地监测太阳X射线的流量变化,为空间环境监测提供有效的服务.      

GEM-TEPC调研分析及原理研究

为对现有组织等效正比计数器进行改进,使其满足高注量率辐射场测量要求,本实验室拟研制一套基于气体电子倍增技术的宽量程TEPC。对GEM-TEPC工作原理进行研究,并对其国际发展现状进行调研,在传统的TEPC灵敏体积内引入GEM膜取代阳极丝是切实可行的,可降低微型TEPC探测器的加工难度,提高其性能。通过调研总结GEM-TEPC设计关键技术,为本实验室GEM-TEPC的研制奠定了一定基础。     

GEM-TEPC电场模拟及增益分析方法研究

为对现有组织等效正比计数器(TEPC)进行改进,使其满足高注量率辐射场测量,本实验室研制一套基于气体电子倍增技术(GEM)的宽量程TEPC。对GEM-TEPC来说,探测器的增益是其关键指标,施加在GEM电极上的电压、漂移区场强、收集区场强、灵敏区充入气体的成分、气压均影响探测器的有效增益。本工作通过ANSYS程序对GEM-TEPC的电场进行模拟计算,并对利用Garfield程序对其增益特性进行模拟的方法以及增益测量方法进行研究。     

GEM-TEPC调研分析及原理研究

为对现有组织等效正比计数器进行改进，使其满足高注量率辐射场测量要求，本实验室拟研制一套基于气体电子倍增技术的宽量程TEPC。对GEM-TEPC工作原理进行研究，并对其国际发展现状进行调研，在传统的TEPC灵敏体积内引入GEM膜取代阳极丝是切实可行的，可降低微型TEPC探测器的加工难度，提高其性能。通过调研总结GEM-TEPC设计关键技术，为本实验室GEM-TEPC的研制奠定了一定基础。     

双组元统一推进系统气路稳定性分析

在建立双组元统一推进气路系统数学模型的基础上,对气路系统从启动到额定工况的工作过程进行数学仿真,证明在理想气体绝热流动的假设下,气路系统在稳态点附近的温度变化很小.通过建立气路系统的状态空间模型,得到了主要结构参数对于气路系统稳定性的影响规律.提出了改善减压阀和气路系统稳定性的主要措施.     

Dosimetry during the first IBIS facility flight.

The dosimetry of cosmic rays was performed during the first experimental flight of the IBIS facility. Different thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) have been used to measure the contribution of the low linear energy transfer component (LET < 10 keV/micrometer) and plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTD) for the high linear energy tranfer (LET) component. Several parameters of tracks have been measured to determine the LET spectra of primary and secondary charged particles. The total absorbed dose rate (TLD+PNTD) during the flight was 0.23 mGy/day and the dose equivalent rate using the ICRP 60 was 0.52 mSv/day. The corresponding mean quality factor was 2.4. These results are in agreement with those obtained aboard the MIR station with a tissue equivalent proportional counter.     

Global cloud water distribution derived from special sensor microwave imager/sounder and its comparison with GCM simulation

An SSM/I algorithm is developed for measuring cloud liquid water of raining and non-raining clouds. Cloud ice water corresponding to precipitation sized ice particles is obtained from the SSM/I scattering index which is calibrated against radar- derived ice water content. Smaller ice particles in upper level clouds are detected using scattering index based on SSM/T2 183±3 and 183±1 GHz channels which allow for removing water vapor emission. It is shown that SSM/I derived cloud liquid water distribution agrees well with GCM simulations, particularly in tropical latitudes.     

Trapped particle energy spectrum in shuttle middeck

We describe the differential energy spectrum of trapped particles measured by a solid-state charged particle telescope in the mid-deck of the Space Shuttle during the period of solar maximum. The telescope was flown in two high altitude flights at 28.5° and 57° inclination. Assuming, as is normally done, that the variations of Shuttle orientation during the missions lead to average isotropic incident spectra, the observed spectrum disagrees significantly from AP8 model calculations. This indicates the need to take into consideration the variations of solid-angle direction relative to the magnetic field. The measurements show that there is a very significant flux of secondary light ions. The energy spectra of these ions does not agree with the production spectrum from radiation transport calculations based on omni-directional AP8 Max model as an input energy spectrum.

We also describe measurements of linear energy transfer spectra using a tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) flown both in the mid-deck and the payload bay of the Space Shuttle. Comparisons are made between linear energy transfer spectral measurements AP8 model-based radiation transport predictions, and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements. The absorbed dose-rate measurements using TLD's are roughly 25% lower than the TEPC-measured dose rate measurements.     

Quality factor and dose equivalent investigations aboard the Soviet space station MIR.

Since Dec 1988, date of the French-Soviet joint space mission "ARAGATZ", the CIRCE device (Compteur Intégrateur de Rayonnement Complexe dans l'Espace) had recorded dose equivalent and quality factor inside the MIR station (380-410 km, 51.5 degrees). After the initial gas filling two years ago, the low pressure tissue equivalent proportional counter is still in good working conditions. Some results of three periods, viz Dec 1988, Mar-Apr 1989 and Jan-Feb 1990 are presented. The average dose equivalent rates measured are respectively 0.6, 0.8 and 0.6 mSv/day with a quality factor equal to 1.9. Some detailed measurements show the increasing of the dose equivalent rates through the SAA and near polar horns. The real time determination of the quality factors allows to point out high LET (Linear Energy Transfer) events with quality factors in the range 10-20.     

Modeling gravity effects on water retention and gas transport characteristics in plant growth substrates

Growing plants to facilitate life in outer space, for example on the International Space Station (ISS) or at planned deep-space human outposts on the Moon or Mars, has received much attention with regard to NASA’s advanced life support system research. With the objective of in situ resource utilization to conserve energy and to limit transport costs, native materials mined on Moon or Mars are of primary interest for plant growth media in a future outpost, while terrestrial porous substrates with optimal growth media characteristics will be useful for onboard plant growth during space missions. Due to limited experimental opportunities and prohibitive costs, liquid and gas behavior in porous substrates under reduced gravity conditions has been less studied and hence remains poorly understood. Based on ground-based measurements, this study examined water retention, oxygen diffusivity and air permeability characteristics of six plant growth substrates for potential applications in space, including two terrestrial analogs for lunar and Martian soils and four particulate substrates widely used in reduced gravity experiments. To simulate reduced gravity water characteristics, the predictions for ground-based measurements (1 − g) were scaled to two reduced gravity conditions, Martian gravity (0.38 − g) and lunar gravity (0.16 − g), following the observations in previous reduced gravity studies. We described the observed gas diffusivity with a recently developed model combined with a new approach that estimates the gas percolation threshold based on the pore size distribution. The model successfully captured measured data for all investigated media and demonstrated the implications of the poorly-understood shift in gas percolation threshold with improved gas percolation in reduced gravity. Finally, using a substrate-structure parameter related to the gaseous phase, we adequately described the air permeability under reduced gravity conditions.     

惰性气体整体保护焊接室内气体压力变化分析

针对空间飞行器越来越广泛地使用钛合金材料及材料在传统焊接加工中存在的问题,研制了惰性气体整体保护焊接设备。保护的可靠性与焊接室内的惰性气体纯度密切相关,当利用提高焊接室内的压力这一经济有效的方法来维持焊接室内的气体纯度时,压力的变化则成为我们关心的焦点。分析了惰性气体整体保护焊接工作室中气体压力在焊接操作中的变化情况;讨论了焊接操作带来的对焊接室内气体压力的影响;指出为了在各种情况下使焊接工作室内保护环境免遭破坏必须采用的措施。     

Predicting the effects of gas diffusivity on photosynthesis and transpiration of plants grown under hypobaria

As part of a Bio-regenerative Life Support System (BLSS) for long-term space missions, plants will likely be grown at reduced pressure. This low pressure will minimize structural requirements for growth chambers on missions to the Moon or Mars. However, at reduced pressures the diffusivity of gases increases. This will affect the rates at which CO₂ is assimilated and water is transpired through stomata. To understand quantitatively the possible effects of reduced pressure on plant growth, CO₂ and H₂O transport were calculated for atmospheres of various total pressures (101, 66, 33, 22, 11 kPa) and CO₂ concentrations (0.04, 0.1 and 0.18 kPa). The diffusivity of a gas is inversely proportional to total pressure and shows dramatic increases at pressures below 33 kPa (1/3 atm). A mathematical relationship based on the principle of thermodynamics was applied to low pressure conditions and can be used for calculating the transpiration and photosynthesis of plants grown in hypobaria. At 33 kPa total pressure, the stomatal conductance increases by a factor of three with the boundary layer conductance increasing by a factor of ∼1.7, since the leaf conductance is a function of both stomatal and the boundary layer conductance, the overall conductance will increase resulting in significantly higher levels of transpiration as the pressure drops. The conductance of gases is also regulated by stomatal aperture in an inverse relationship. The higher CO₂ concentration inside the leaf air space during low pressure treatments may result in higher CO₂ assimilation and partial stomata closure, resulting in a decrease in transpiration rate. The results of this analysis offer guidelines for experiments in pressure and high CO₂ environments to establish ideal conditions for minimizing transpiration and maximizing the plant biomass yield in BLSS.